Modern and Theoretical Physics

Are the atomic particles of the same element exactly the same ..identical ..

Hi, How can Noether's Theorem be reconciled with dimensional analysis? For example, invariance under spatial translation is equivalent to conservation of momentum. Spacial translation has no involvement of mass but mass is essential to momentum. How can the invariance independent of mass be equivalent to conservation of a quantity where mass is essential? Thanks, ... Peter E.

Argument Physics as a science, progresses as follows: 1.There is a current theory, at any given time. 2.A candidate theory, which is more exact regarding what really is happening appears from research as a proposed new theory. 3. Experiments have to be conducted to verify the new theory. 4. When experiments are conducted, they can have the following results. 5. Nothing happens, the experiments fail to show any results, which has happened in the past. 6. Something happens, the experiments had the expected results, which has happened in the past, and science keeps following its path. 7. Something else happens...which was the ca…

I just read that using ultraviolet knocks/strips off atoms of electrons like hydrogen atoms and this process is called the photoelectric effect. I wish to know what knocked off electrons look like while/after the process and how do I capture and contain them in a theoretical electron jar.

So theory is that life keeps the multiverse expanding, that it's up to the life in the universe to evolve into creating new ones somehow( I actually don't pretend to really solving that 1 in this lifetime, like who wants to forever anyways I see how much more value the petty stuff we accomplished matters due to limitations. So, If AI ain't already taken over and we live in some sort of zoo or matrix or just got left behind I mean who would not be proud being the parents of super robots taking over the world making new life we can hardly even comprehend that makes up making maybe another even more incomprehensible godlife that makes entire new universes/dimensions

There is a question, a satisfactory answer to which I haven't received for long. In alpha decay, the number of protons in the parent atom decreases by two while the number of electrons in the atom remains same. Does the parent atom on undergoing alpha decay convert into an anion? In the same way, in beta minus decay, the following transformation takes place : ₀¹n ----> ₁¹p + e⁻ + v̅ the proton remains in the nucleus and electron and the antineutrino are ejected. From this, one could conclude that the positive charge on the atom increases by 1 while negative charge remains the same. Does the atom convert into a cation? …

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Been having some wild speculative thoughts, but I want to cross examine them with guidance on this question. Depending on the answer, my thoughts may or may not be valid. If there is some kind of known and verified limit on this then my speculation means nothing. So how large can a black hole potentially get? What I'm imagining is a Colossus of a black hole, with a strong enough gravitational pull that all matter everywhere is destined to fall into it. Can such a thing exist? Correction: Overcome Expansion? May have messed up the terminology a bit.

Wiki says two up, one down. Just read this on Quora. Which is true? https://qr.ae/pNe457

Without a deep background in advanced math, I find myself struggling to understand the free energy principle, as it apples to brain functions, as theorized by Carl Friston. I can mostly understand the written explanations of these equations, but have questions over how to get the variables to use in the equations. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2009.04.005 (ucl.ac.uk) ON the second page of that paper, there are equations over images of the brain. Here is a quote from BOX 1. ". The free-energy depends on two densities; one that generates sensory samples and their causes, pðy; #Þ and a recognition density on the causes, qð#;mÞ. T" How would I ever go about generat…

Taking the approximate gravitational lensing formula, , and plugging in the sun's mass, 1.9884*1030 kg, and the sun's radius 6.955*108 m the approximate value of the angle is 0.00000849240953508 radians. Then making a resultant velocity triangle and doing trigonometry helps find the rest of the values needed to find the Lorentz factor on the surface of the sun. since light was already travelling at the speed of light, and the speed of light is constant and cannot be exceeded, the time of the resultant ray of light is dilated compared to the ray's original path. The last step is to divide the speed of light by segment b of the triangle to get the approximate Lor…

And I have another question about the proton. The proton mass refers to the electron mass as 6*Pi^5. Why is Pi in the fifth power? Is this an indication that our space has 10 or 11 dimensions? The volume of a ten-dimensional ball (Pi^5)*(R^10)/120

At least some of physicists believe in energy conservation, requiring source e.g. for hypothetical infinite energy. For example there is pair creation: of electron + positron from 2x511 keV only, so energy of electric field of such electron shouldn't exceed 511keV. But electric field of point charge is E~1/r^2, energy density is ~|E|^2, what integrates to infinite energy. So is there infinite energy in electric field of electron? QFT "repairs" this problem by just subtracting this infinity in renormalization procedure - successfully swept under the rug. But maybe it contains some regularization - deformation of electric field to indeed inte…

The answer to this question {{ can a paradox exist in nature? }} is YES. As things go paradoxically in logics , so do things in Mother Nature , but in a dualistically objective manner. Say, Physicalistic manner. When datawave happen to diverge from fields in which energy carriers may or may not collide , the information itself happens to get a differing reference coordinance or an identical one. It is for this reason that a certain emanation of a field can/cannot particularize itself into the format of a (sub-)particle at a certain place with a certain velocity distribution .

I’m always skeptical of hypotheses that use infinities like Many Worlds Interpretation and an infinitely big universe, in part for this reason. I wonder if the ideas about the universe being infinitely big are a holdover from the days before the Big Bang was universally accepted. For whatever reason, people couldn’t let go of the idea of an infinitely big universe even as the Big Bang became the consensus, so they came up with the idea that the universe is infinitely big but still expanding. (Which honestly seems like a contradiction in terms to me.)

Heat energy basically is a measure of the average kinetic energy possessed by individual molecules of a substance i.e an increase in thermal energy of a substance is an increase in the kinetic energy of that substance. In metals the atoms are fixed in a crystal lattice and most the kinetic energy is possessed by free moving valence electrons moving and vibrating throughout the crystal lattice. Electric current is the net flow of electric charge. In metals this charge is carried by the valence electrons I.e. electric current in metal is a gross movement of electrons in that metal in the direction of the current. However, thermal vibrational motion of electrons doe…

I would like to set up an experiment to measure radiation. I am not sure if what I want to do is possible so I am looking for help to find out if it is possible. 1) I need to use a small block of material to partially shield some form of detectable radiation. 2) I need to measure how much radiation is going through the material. 3) (This is the important part...) I need to be able to "count" the radiation, to determine if there is a difference of 1 billionth if I rotate the block of material 180 degrees. I am guessing the 1 billionth of a change is probably very difficult. I am hoping I can use time in my favor, ie. run the experiment for weeks to buil…

For example; Causation. How can causation be non-linear?

Based on humanity's current scientific understanding: If the entire universe, every single planck, even what is now empty space, was somehow converted into a single type of fermion, what would happen? What would happen differently if it were a different kind of fermion? Additionally, what would happen if it were a combination of different fermions, and how would the results differ between combinations? Would it be possible for any conceivable form of life to arise in this new universe? If so, how would the aforementioned variations effect this?

According to what I've read about magnetic fields, all they're described as are imaginary lines around the magnet that depict the area where the magnet has effects upon. What exactly is a magnetic field? And how is the attraction caused? Merged post follows: Consecutive posts mergedOkay, since no one's replying to this thinking this as something amateurish, let me rephrase it. I need someone to explain how the attraction is caused by magnets. What is the 'field'? We think of magnetic fields as imaginary lines of force (let's say I think of it that way). How is this force caused around the magnet?

Is wind the movement of nitrogen in our atmosphere....I just find it so hard to believe that there are millions of particles just floating around. If that were true wouldn't we just be able to mine the sidewalks littered with trace elements of the more rarer stuff.ls consciousness a measurement of some force of polarity that can distinguish the electron,proton, and neutron of an oxygen molecule. Also, is consciousness the first moment in a human life he or she breathes that first bit of oxygen. I need an answer please if this sounds dumb please just give me some insight like an answer to some of these questions. Is it possible that the exact number of oxygen and those…

Freeze time, and consider two people who are clones. Exact clones, not just in their gross bodily dimensions, but down to the position of every last subatomic particle that constitutes their body. Every molecule, cell, neurotransmitter, ribosome, platelet, etc. is in the exact same relative position in both of these clones. We can say that they are morphologically identical. Now these two clones cannot occupy the same position in space, so when we "press play" and allow time to proceed they will cease to be morphologically identical. Since they occupy different positions in space their bodies interact differently with the surrounding environment, and at the very least the…

The emission of infrared radiation by CO2 molecules is of particular interest to climate scientists. I was wondering if the vector direction of this emission is affected at all by the orientation of the molecule, i.e. is the emission equally likely to be in the direction of the two oxygen atoms or the carbon atom? I was wondering, since if the CO2 molecule is polar, and the vector direction of this emission is affected by the orientation of the molecule, could we place a strong charge on the ground in a remote area to force the CO2 molecules above to re-emit infrared out into space?

I read gravitation does not exists. Is it true?

sorry, translated from french by google I am not a scientist, but I am passionate about science. I have imagined some things and I would like to submit it to people who know to tell me if I am a little crazy or if it is possible. Sorry I'm not very good at writing texts or explaining my ideas. I've seen a lot of videos that talk about dark matter, according to them for galaxies to interact as we see it, it would take dark matter to explain things that we observe. I saw that there were projects out there to try to capture dark matter particles and that it was almost elusive because it was rare, but if there were a lot we would capture them m…