MigL

Happy Birthday !

WTF ??? ( just playing with your name ) Had I been talking to you, I would have been more careful with my wording and definitions. I don't think CuriosOne got anything from your 'refinement'.

The Sun is mostly Hydrogen/Helium in 4/1 ratio. Even in 5 billion years, it will be mostly Hydrogen. The problem is that fusion takes place in the core, so while there will be plenty of Hydrogen, the heavier fusion products accumulate in the core. These heavier products ( deuterium, helium, lithium, beryllium, carbon, etc. all the way up to iron ) require higher and higher temperatures, or kinetic energies, to overcome the separation and allow fusing. The temps cause the expansion. The only way to keep the temps from increasing is to remove the heavier elements accumulating in the core, so that lighter, cooler fusing Hydrogen, outside the core, could fall in to take their place. If you can think of a way to do that, you can extend the life of the sun until it is too light, and can't supply the pressure required to produce Hydrogen burning temperatures.

If that is from the introduction to differential calculus I gave you two weeks ago … 1 - I would have thought you'd be further along by now. 2 - At every point on the curve of the function, you can draw a tangent line, such that 1 point ( only ) is common to both. The slope of that tangent line, at that point, is equivalent to the derivative of that function ( with respect to its variable ), at that point. This allows you to have the slope/derivative at a single point, as opposed to F(x1)-F(x2)/x1-x2, which gives you an 'average' over the multiple points included in between the two values of x. 3 - Points on the line/curve of a function can represent a lot of things, or, none at all. 4 - I'm glad you're asking questions, and not making assertions.

On the contrary. Nature ,or the laws of Physics, tend towards lowest energy use.

There are many small form factor, computer switching ( digital ) power supplies available on eBay, powered from your mains, which will supply both the 5V, as well as 12V, in several Amps. Most are available for about $25. Why complicate things ?

Sorry for the misunderstanding. The OP still hasn't posted any 'numbers' to go along with his conjecture that shows muonic fusion to be possible within the parameters of the Earth's core. IIRC, muon catalyzed fusion does allow the nucleus to be about 200 times smaller due to the reduced mass difference with the electron. However, this does NOT mean a reduction in the diameter of a proton itself; please cite evidence for this effect, if available. And, as to the source of the muons. Every time this scheme has been investigated, the required energy to produce the muons has been more than that produced by the catalyzed fusion reaction. Muon catalyzed fusion may have a 'right to life', but it will only be considered if other, mainstream approaches fail.

OK. For hydrogen nuclei ( plasma ) to have enough energy, to be able to get close enough to a separation of 10-12 mm, the nuclei have to be at a temperature of 100 MILLION deg K; about 6 times the core temperature of the Sun. Obviously, the p-p fusion cycle works ( and for more massive stars, the CNO, Bethe- Weiszaker fusion cycle ), but at temperatures close to 15 MILLION deg K for our Sun, although it could start at only 5 MILLION deg K in much smaller stars. When you consider that the Earth's core is at about 6 thousand deg K, you are still three orders of magnitude out of the ball-park. But maybe the OP is talking about some new kind of cold fusion ?

I'm trying to figure out what, exactly, fuses. Magma is composed mostly of silicates ( oxygen, sodium, magnesium, silicon, calcium, potassium and iron ). Of these, assuming you could have a plasma, iron is a dead end for fusion ( no matter how small the atoms get ? ). The lightest element which could fuse, would be oxygen, but, as that requires 1.5 BILLION deg K, I really don't see how it is even being considered in this discussion.

As Swansont already pointed out, That is the incomplete Newtonian model. In the much more ( but still not fully ) complete GR model, it is the ground hitting you, as you innocently travel along a geodesic ( free fall ).

Congratulations ! You have discovered that all motion is relative ( I.e. relativity ) several centuries too late, In a couple of hundred more years, you might realize that our best theory says gravity isn't really a force, but a geometric distortion of space-time.

Don't confuse the arguments I choose to make with what I would like to see for a just society, Phi. Of course I admired Reagan/Thatcher and McCain. I also admired Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, Carter and Clinton. They all had their bad, and all had some good. ( even D Trump had maybe 1 % good with that whole lot of bad ) And do you see what you are doing ? Your impression of my political beliefs paints me in typical American terminology, "pre neo-con". Try to separate yourself from American political thinking. People are people; they just want what is best for them and the people they care about; if it also happens to benefit others, so much the better. By pigeon holing them as Libs/Cons, or Reps/Dems, or even elites/deplorables, you are assigning your imagined traits to them. America can be 'great again', they simply have to get past this 'us' vs 'them' attitude between two political parties.

So here you ( and others ) are. Your typical news ( available to all )is polarized, either 'left' or 'right'. You have Trump supporting, people on the right complaining that MSNBC and CNN just hate Trump, and have since his inauguration. And you have Trump hating, people on the left claiming FOX news is just a lying mouthpiece of the Republican party. You have a country where 45% of eligible voters will vote Republican, no matter what idiot they run, and another 45% of eligible voters will vote Democrat no matter what the issues. They have always voted that way and will continue to do so; only a small percentage of the electorate, in 'swing' states actually decide who will be President. You have people on either left or right, hating the other side more and more, as politicians ratchet up the rhetoric, and blame everything on the supporting electorate; never themselves. So much so, that political rallies and protests have become dangerous to attend, and people, afraid for their lives, run over others ( or at least, that is the excuse they use ) for the second time now. You guys are neck deep in this sh*t, live it every day, and it colors the way you see, and live, life. Yet two outsiders who have no 'skin in the game', JC and I, often get accused of not being equitable, and being partial to one side. By no means are we trying to compare/equate the two sides, Republican and Democrat, but simply pointing out that neither side are 'angels'. And, I can easily decide which is 'better' for the people, while also recognizing the 'faults' of the 'better' side. While you guys, being so deep in it, either can't see the problems of your side, or choose to ignore it. Not judging, simply presenting my observations.

Ooops ! I still stand by the rest of my opinion expressed in my last post.

Hind sight is 20/20. WHY they were disillusioned with Government ( and H Clinton in particular ) does not really matter. Even if those reasons were not factual, or non-existant, they should have been addressed, and people reassured, not dismissed as complaining deplorables ( there were no qualifiers when she said it, Zap ). I was an H Clinton supporter, and some simple considerations for all citizens may have spared us the last 4 years.

Maybe not important to you, but it certainly was to many people in 2016, who felt that the 'status quo' Government of career politicians, like H Clinton, didn't care about their concerns. D Trump got elected by appealing to those people, by promising to do things differently, and 'draining the swamp' of career politicians and civil servants who were in politics for themselves. The fact that a lot of citizens felt their representative Government wasn't addressing their concerns/needs is literally what disenfranchised means. The denial, or deprivation, of some right or privilege, such as the right to a representative Government. The fact that D Trump turned out to be a jackass, and played those people to suit his own agenda, and has led to even more people becoming disillusioned with politicians, is a different matter altogether.

Sorry I wasn't clear swansont. I was referring to the 2016 election, and why I mentioned to H Clinton, who famously called them "deplorables".

On top of the expert opinions above, I will add my two cents ... The modern picture of a fundamental quantum particle is a point surrounded by a cloud of virtual particles, which grow more and more massive/energetic as you reduce separation. These 'extra' particles add to mass, charge, etc. of fundamental particles, and is their 'effects' that are stripped away in the renormalization of any QFT. A proton is not fundamental, but is composed of quarks, which are; and the quarks are in close proximity. The way Physicist 'dismantle' a proton, is by smashing it at high energies against another particle, and seeing what 'comes out'. High energy protons collisions produce quite a few particles. Even at its lowest energy, a proton is over 98% binding energy; this energy alone is enough to 'produce' a couple of hundred quark/ anti-quark pairs. And there have been scattering experiments done which confirm that a proton acts like a 'bag' full of particles. ( not zillions and zillions )

By 'common folk' I meant people who have become disenfranchised with our political system, career Politicians, and the way government does business. These are the people who, overwhelmingly voted for D Trump, expecting a change, and that he would actually 'drain the swamp'. Boy, were they wrong !

There will always be people who take advantage of other people, so we will always have the TeleEvangelists, the Jim Jones, and the Donald Trumps. Placing the blame with the "people who are not very educated, not very sophisticated thinkers, and too trusting for their own good" is what got H Clinton in trouble and led to the D Trump Presidency. Those people are voters too If the elitist, career politicians who are " very educated, very sophisticated thinkers" would address the needs of common folks, some of whom are not, we wouldn't be in this situation. Government is responsible to ALL of its voters/citizens, no matter how trusting they are.

So... Assume I don't know the area of a rectangle. The computer spits out two sentences. 1 - Bite an apple. 2 - Multiply length time width. I try both. If I don't know what area is, how do I know the area of a rectangle is not an apple with a bite taken out of it ?? If I know that area is length times width already, why would I need to run this idiotic program in the first place ????

Have any of our elderly UK members been vaccinated ? If not could you inform us when you do; we have questions. I don't imagine I'm on any short list to receive the vaccine in Canada, so It'll probably be the summer before I get vaccinated. ( no overseas vacation again, this coming year )

While students can learn many different ways ( being lectured to, reading online or from textbooks, video presentation, etc. ), the part the teacher plays is recognizing the student's interests and developing them. That is why a lot of people have 'special' teachers that they credit with developing their interest in a certain subject, at which they later excelled. My high school Physics teacher was one such educator. He opened his first Gr11 class with the question "Are you moving ?", to which I was the only one who responded "Relative to what ?" The other was a 'tough as nails' Gr13 Algebra teacher who passed away the summer after I finished high school. I had always been a below average math student, but he developed my interest in it by lecturing us at length about things like calculating probabilities of winning the lottery with factorials, or how plants sprout leaves according to the Fibonacci sequence, etc.

I have no clue what you mean by any of this. This is one of the 'assertions' Swansont warned you about. If you don't understand a concept, or are unsure, ask the question; don't go jumping to unsubstantiated conclusions.

But base two ( binary ) and base 16 ( hexadecimal ) are used in computer programming.