Sensei

Where do you have Aluminium in this description? Sodium Hydroxide + Aluminium or Aluminium Oxide or Aluminium Hydroxide gives Sodium Aluminate. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_aluminate Quote "In water treatment it is used as an adjunct to water softening systems, as a coagulant aid to improve flocculation, and for removing dissolved silica and phosphates." Sodium Aluminate + Sulfuric Acid gives Aluminium Sulfate. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_sulfate Quote from above website: "Aluminium sulfate is used in water purification and as a mordant in dyeing and printing textiles. In water purification, it causes impurities to coagulate into larger particles and then settle to the bottom of the container (or be filtered out) more easily. This process is called coagulation or flocculation. Research suggests that in Australia, aluminium sulfate used this way in drinking water treatment is the primary source of hydrogen sulfide gas in sanitary sewer systems.[6] Improper and excess application polluted the water supply of Camelford in Cornwall." Coagulation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coagulation Flocculation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flocculation

In the simplest brute-force algorithm of particle simulation, there is array of particles (quantity entered by user). Each particle has position x,y,z, velocity vx,vy,vz, size (might be sx,sy,sz, or one for each axis, so we will have ball-like particle), mass, visual properties like color etc. For chemistry reaction simulation there will be also needed formula to display on screen Na+, Cl-, H+, OH- etc. and charge of ion-particle, electronegativity (?), etc. etc. Each time step, for every particle in array, x is increased by vx, y+=vy,z+=vz And collision detection is done between each particle with each other, and walls of container where they reside. Checking each 1 mln vs 1 mln other particles in brute-force way (equation of intersection of sphere vs sphere, you probably know?) is 10^12 operations. It's very time consuming process, therefor there is need for kd-tree, octree etc. algorithms to speed it up. If there is found collision, in particle physics simulations, like in attached videos above, there is just done recalculation of velocity vectors (with some randomization, so each time they go in slightly different direction, while maintaining momentum/energy). In chemistry version of simulator there would be also needed to check whether there is reaction between one particle-molecule and other particle-molecule. There is also need to take care of charged particles, repelling same, attracting opposite (influencing vx,vy,vz of each particle). Additionally make visualization of this in OpenGL so user can see and rotate views in the middle of process. If Komnen wouldn't be able to do it brute-force way, like I described above, he would fail miserably with much more advanced version suggested by hypervalent_iodine.. Komnen, maybe you should start from making C/C++ command-line tool which is taking list of chemical formulas as argv[] arguments, and showing user whether it's balanced equation to stdio, and eventually show properly balanced equation.. ? It would be good start for beginner in chemistry. You should ask your friends what they think about above ideas.

For group 1-2 valence electrons are 1-2 (so they are from s), for group 13-18 valence electrons are 3-8 (simply subtract 10) (so they are from p). Except Helium. f.e. Al is in 13 group, and has 3 valence electrons. 3s2,3p1. f.e. Na is in 1 group, and has 1 valence electron. 3s1. For groups 3-12, there is no such simple way to tell. Well, you should read wikipedia for a start https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_electron

See my signature video. It's all chemistry, mathematics, and programming.. You could try making simulation of reaction between two (or more) substances. At the beginning you have 100% of 1st let's say HCl, and 100% of 2nd let's say NaOH, entered by user as mol (* Na = absolute number of molecules). Then as reaction goes calculate probability of finding H+ with OH- (and ending up H2O) and probability of finding Na+ with Cl- (these remain ions in solution), make equation (with time as argument), how they join (absolute quantity/moles/mass/volume). It could be with 3D visualization of the whole process. With/without stirring/heating. With custom made containers various sizes, various shapes. You could end up with something like "particle physics simulation" but for chemistry.. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x8Fo2slT2WA

When do you want to start? When there will be 10 bln people? 20 bln people? 50 bln people? 100 bln people? Tell me.. It worked in the past with Australia and America.. "Time to go on"..

I'm saying you should leave this planet and start colonizing solar system, and galaxy... There is 100 billions of stars in this galaxy... Peaceful colonization: don't kill living organisms on the other planets,asteroids,comets etc., if there exist any.

Sorry, I have not read entire thread carefully, but I only see you mentioning Hydrogen, and completely ignoring Oxygen issue. On sketches there are just Hydrogen tanks, and you're providing liquid Hydrogen calculations. Am I correctly expecting that Oxygen will be taken from air? If so, should not you make calculations also for Oxygen.. ? And show how, and how fast, Oxygen will be taken from air on various altitudes.. ? You mentioned 17 km altitude in post #16. If we use this calculator with 17000 m http://www.altitude.org/air_pressure.php "At 17000m, the standard barometric pressure is 10 kPa (75 mmHg). This means that there is 10% of the oxygen available at sea level." Let's assume that at standard conditions there is 0.04464 mol/L 21% is Oxygen, and 10% of that is at 17km. So it gives 0.04464 mol/L * 0.21 * 0.1 = 0.00093744 mol/L of Oxygen O2. To split 1 molecule of water to H+ OH- there is needed 1.23-1.5 eV, so for 2 Hydrogen atoms (1 H2), it's 2.5-3 eV. Multiply by e and it's 3.94e-019 J. Let's assume that it'll be given back in reverse reaction, without loses. In post #8 you mentioned motor has 86 kW = 86000 J/s Divide 86000 J/s / 3.94e-019 J = 2.1827e23 Oxygen atoms reactions per second. /2 = 1.09137e23 O2 /Na = 0.1813 mol O2 needed per second. 0.1813 mol / 0.00093744 mol/L = 193 L per second needed. In post #16 there is mentioned 127 MW. And it would be 285000 L of air needed per second.

Gamma photon with enough energy can "destroy" nucleus. f.e. Deuterium needs 2.22 MeV energy to be split to free proton and free neutron. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high-energy_cosmic_ray They have enough energy to destroy 450 billions of Deuterium atoms.

Why is it in "Other Sciences" section.. ? Numerology is not science..

You should replace "planet-killing comet" by "high gamma ray burst" ionizing entire atmosphere and vaporizing everything. Then information about future disaster event wouldn't arrive prior these photons.

Again, and again, the same.. You have no idea whether it truly works, as you have no decompression function... Writing off data to file, disallows you checking whether every single byte is equal to original (after compressing, then decompressing data). Result from this line of code is nowhere used, as fac is nowhere else referenced: BigInteger fac = Factorial(one); C# .NET Framework

According to wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanosaurus Titanosaurus had 9-12 meters and 13t weight. While f.e. Brachiosaurs https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachiosaurus had 26-27 meters and 35 t weight. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplodocus Diplodocus had 28-32 meters. Perhaps. If change is slow, the next generations thanks to mutations have time to adopt. But you also have to take into account that such large animals need plentiful of food. In cold climate plants have problem with growing. Summer season is short. Mammals to survive in cold climate, hibernate, or are making food stores (f.e. squirrels)

Divide 12 pieces by 2, with 6 units each, then measure mass, on weight, 6 eggs on the left, 6 eggs on the right. If their mass is equal it means gold egg is in each of 6 units. If their mass is not equal, two eggs end up in 6 eggs package. Divide 6 pieces by 2, with 3 units each. etc. etc. Proceed further depending on result.. Typical question for programmers (sorting algorithm). Variation of algorithm, could be splitting to 3 packages with 4 (or later 2). Or use elements from 2nd branch. KD-Tree https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-d_tree Octree https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octree Binary tree https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_tree

The same applies to fiveworlds (and everybody else) source codes. He should always run his code on dozen well-known values from f.e. 1... 100.. And compare result from brute-force algorithm vs his code result vs external data from net or calculator/spreadsheet.

In some programming situations, precalculation (lookup table) is worth doing it, if 1) calculation takes long time 2) speed of execution of code is extremely important. 3) there is no access to FPU (f.e. custom electronic chip with only integer math) f.e. one can precalculate table with sin(angle), and instead of using FPU trigonometric function, read sinus/cosine/tg/ctg from table. It won't have very good precision, as angle will be integer index, instead of float. Interpolation could slightly help, but result will be slightly slower code and having to read two (three for more advanced interpolation techniques than linear) table entries instead of one per single emulated sin/cos operation. Table could be limited to amount of CPU cache size for optimal performance.

Water steam you could condense using f.e. Graham condenser https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condenser_(laboratory) Carbon Dioxide gas you could pass through solution of Sodium Hydroxide, and get Sodium Carbonate and Sodium Bicarbonate. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate

Let's change your post #4 source code from initial 40000000 to say 5. <script> function factorial(start) { temp=start; for (var ret = []; temp> -1; temp--) { ret.push(temp); } return start*ret.reduce(function(previousValue, currentValue){ return currentValue + previousValue; }); } sum = factorial(5); document.write(sum); </script> It shows in browser "75",but correct answer is "120" (5*4*3*2=120)

They always used to be. Simply there was no mass media, no Internet, no super fast communication. Now somebody do something on second side of Earth, and 5-15 minutes later, everybody are talking about it. Actually the percentage of people murdered per day, is now almost the lowest in the whole human history. According to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_intentional_homicide_rate There was 437,000 murders per year worldwide. Divide by worldwide population 7.4 billion. Gives chance 1:6180778 that somebody will be killed today (1:16933 per year). If Roman Empire with 57 mln people would have such rate 2000 years ago, they would have 9 murderers per day in entire Empire..

There is no single "fusion reaction". There is possible thousands different combinations. So there is no single answer to your question. The most common fusion reactions are: 1) fusion of proton-proton [math]p^+ + p^+ \rightarrow D^+ + e^+ + v_e + 0.42 MeV[/math] [math]e^- + e^+ \rightarrow \gamma + \gamma + 1.022 MeV[/math] (everywhere available Hydrogen) 2) fusion of proton-deuterium [math]p^+ + D^+ \rightarrow ^3_2He + \gamma + 5.49 MeV[/math] (hard to get fuel) 3) fusion of tritium-deuterium [math]T^+ + D^+ \rightarrow ^4_2He + n^0 + 17.6 MeV[/math] (extremely hard to get fuel Tritium produced by f.e. nuclear plants or splitting of Lithium-6 and Lithium-7) Magnetic field is typically created by superconductors,superconducting electromagnets. Creation of electromagnet/magnet, is not enough. There is also needed electricity to ionize fuel inside. According to https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconducting_magnet ITER fusion reactor use 46 kA and produce a field of 13.5 teslas.

The best is to start with activity diagrams, with arrows. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activity_diagram

Did you read about amu? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_atomic_mass_unit Single atom of Iodine has 126.90447 u.

Did you encounter any dinosaurs.. ? Did you encounter any mammoths.. ? Did you encounter any knights and kings.. ? Did you encounter any terrorists, murderers, thieves.. ? Personally, not just view TV.

Gravity does not exist on the Mars or Moon.. ?

So suppose so we have spaceship with mirror on rear. And laser on the Earth, or "launcher" on the orbit, it's emitting photons toward spaceship, spaceship is accelerated each time photon is reflected (not just absorbed) (like you said by p=2E/c), then that photon returns back to the "launcher", then suppose so, there is mirror (again), which reflects photons back to spaceship, and spaceship again receives the same photon but twice reflected, then it's reflected by spaceship mirror, and again it's reflected by launcher mirror.. Repeat millions or billions repetitions.,

How about momentum vector.. ?