jimmydasaint

Ok, I have time to clarify my nebulous thoughts and I will make them in bullet points for my own benefit: 1.IMO In a population, more deadly strains of virus might be eliminated in favour of less deadly strains due to Natural Selection and high mortality rates of those infected with the more deadly strain. If aeroplane flights incoming and outgoing were severely curtailed, e.g. in a full lockdown scenario, the chance of introduction of new and deadlier forms should be also reduced. As a consequence, milder strains with milder symptoms should dominate the population. Even if the population was not isolated, less deadly forms of the virus should dominate as you correctly indicated. 2. IMO if a population has been infected with a more virulent but less deadly form of the virus, the immune systems of those people who were infected should be able to respond to a similar, but different form of the virus, because of common antigens between both. I know that health officials concentrated on what was a measurable correlate of infection - antibodies. However, these are transient measures of infection and the real immune response, IMO, is found in memory T and B lymphocytes which would focus the "seek and destroy" function of the immune response and would target parts of the viral antigen load which are invariant between strains during natural immunity. IMO natural immunity was not widely discussed by health officials at the time. 3. If mpox is deadly at the moment, during widespread infections amongst populations, IMO, the disease should gain virulence but milder and less deadly forms should be more prevalent. Natural immunity in the form of lymphocytes should be a mechanism of partial protection on further mutated strains arriving interminably. I think sort of clarifies what I was aiming at articulating and did not manage to write down in a cogent or lucid manner initially.

Out of curiosity, because I don't know the answer, in one country, for example England, would infections of a locked down public not lead to more milder strains of the infectious agent/virus as the most aggressive strains would not be passed on because of the mortality rates of the infected? I am assuming that in a freely mixing population with more strains available due to movement of infected people between countries would lead to the possibility of import of more virulent viral/pathogen strains. However, surely natural herd immunity would serve to make most people more resistant to the imported more virulent strain due to cross reactivity of white blood cells with the antigens common to the first strain as well as the imported strain.

A clever method which can immediately target pathogens for countermeasures against infections of crops, thereby increasing the yields for sale: Also, examples are the following: Bacterium Xanthomonas campestris: This bacterium causes black rot in cruciferous vegetables like cabbage, cauliflower, and broccoli. Virus Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV): This virus affects a wide range of plants, including tobacco, tomatoes, peppers, and other members of the Solanaceae family. Fungus Puccinia graminis: This fungus is responsible for stem rust in cereal crops such as wheat, barley, and rye. It should be interesting if the DNA of farmers and passers by is also sequenced....

It's good that you are reading with a critical eye. This will serve your studies well. The studies were performed on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the authors assumed that a wider number of species would show similar trends. As far as the article being peer-reviewed, if you had read to the end of the Science Daily article you would found the following reference: I hope that the journal Nature is stringent and peer-reviewed enough for your liking as it is quite well known. I think the research and the conclusions are not alarmist but quite pragmatic and, if they are found reproducible from a number of different scientists, overturn my old fuddy-duddy beliefs about so-called neutral mutations. Thanks for the reply. The news was published in 2022 and is quite dramatic. If proved, Biology books at school level would have to rewrite sections on genetic mutations.

Guys, Thank you for the replies. I have tried MECM - Movement, Exercise, Collegiality and Meditation. The exercise bit was accepted and she did exercise daily. However, the other 3 were rejected. I then set micros-targets - shower, clean your house etc... and these were followed because they gave an element of control to the person. However, most importantly, I am the person at the other end of the telephone, or in person, who will listen - as long as it takes. I think the friendship element is lacking in a society which is being shattered into individual sections, isolated from each other by technology rather than coming together. Loneliness is, IMHO, a contributory factor to the disconnectedness of the individual from society and the subsequent retreat into the world of their thoughts. I will keep trying as I would do with any friend. I am hoping that something I will say will "click" and then the road to mindset change will become wider. If I can be of use to anyone in this Forum, please do not hesitate to ask for my advice. Best wishes

Someone close to my family has had years of depression which they refused to treat and has now fallen into a deep and sustained depression. I am trying to help through coaching and encouragement but my efforts have failed totally. Is there any non-pharmaceutical method to help this person out of their depression? I am struggling to find methods which will result in a quick alleviation of this mindset. Any help welcomed.

Oof! Getting numbers and facts wrong should really result in a withdrawal of the paper surely? Who peer-reviewed the original paper? Surely they could have double-checked a few of the numbers included and questioned the methodology? I have often wondered if educational research which looks for significant numerical confirmation of hypotheses is open to bias in favour of mathematical and scientific subjects instead of opening up conclusions to all other subjects where increases in marks due to a given experimental intervention are not always clear. Furthermore, IMO, a rise in computer use in students over the last 20, or so years has not led to a huge increase in achievement for students.

I just want to address the OP. ccdan referred to Popper and was struggling to find relevant data where a hypothesis was falsified in the Popperian hypothetico-deductive method. Firstly, do you believe that there is some Objective Truth about phenomena or objects? Something that is independent of the subject and subjective bias? IIRC Popper believed that an Objective Truth could be reached through a deductive scientific method because induction was not enough. So a hypothesis is made, tested experimentally and then, if proved false, is modified and re-tested until it is close to an Objective Truth as possible. I think Plato already indicated a sense of doubt about the reliability of observation and even getting close to an Objective Truth is valid science in my opinion. My sense of ambivalence about the subject arises because I have seldom seen scientists go out of their way to falsify hypotheses. Quite the opposite. If a cell line did not show the hypothesis to be correct, a few scientists have been known to go out of their way to find the "correct" cell line. Nevertheless, the iteration of hypothesis, observation, deductive conclusion until you get close to the Objective Truth, is in stark contrast to induction. An example of painstaking attention to Popper's method is described below: According to Popper, to test this theory a scientist would now have to prove it false. As discussed above this can be done in two general ways: 1) predictive analysis; or 2) by way of experimental manipulation. Each of these methods has been applied to this problem and the results are described below. Predictive Analysis If the theory is correct, we should find that in any tidal marsh plant community that contains Scirpus americanus and Carex lyngbyei that the spatial distribution of these two species should be similar in all cases. This is indeed true. However, there could be some other causal factor, besides flooding frequency, that may be responsible for these unique spatial patterns. Experimental Manipulation If the two species are transplanted into the zones of the other they should not be able to survive. An actual transplant experiment found that Scirpus americanus can actually grow in the zone occupied by Carex lyngbyei, while Carex lyngbyei could also grow at lower Scirpus sites. However, this growth became less vigorous as the elevation became lower and at a certain elevation it could not grow at all. These results falsify the postulated theory. So the theory must be modified based on the results and tested again. The process of testing theories in science is endless. Part of this problem is related to the complexity of nature. Any one phenomenon in nature is influenced by numerous factors each having its particular cause and effect. For this reason, one positive test result is not conclusive proof that the phenomenon under study is explained. However, some tests are better than others and provide us with stronger confirmation. These tests usually allow for the isolation of the phenomena from the effects of causal factors. Manipulative experiments tend to be better than tests based on prediction in this respect. Source of article for Popper's method in action

The DNA code can have changes in it called mutations. DNA sequences specifically codes for amino acid sequences which are built into proteins. Proteins control the development of organisms from a starting point to final organism itself. If the DNA mutations are in areas of the DNA code which can cause changes in the amino acid sequence, the final protein could be faulty and affect the final organism. Diseases such as Sickle cell anaemia or cystic fibrosis are caused by a harmful DNA mutation arising from a single letter change in the DNA sequence. I have grown up, and taught to my A-level (K12/13) students that some DNA mutations which do not affect the amino acid sequence are "neutral", "silent" or harmless. To my surprise, I read this recently and wanted to share it. ScienceDaily

StringyJ Excellent, classical scientific technique. What are you really getting at...?

Good find beecee. This article seems to be crossing the abiogenesis -biogenesis divide. Just a couple of questions. 1. Which organelles form this way in a cell which is approximately 90 percent water? 2. Presumably these experiments use pure reactants. Have they extended a similar model towards a "noisy" cell environment? I don't have time to read the whole article but presume you have mate. Cheers

Sorry to wreck your party but your Speculations belong in the dedicated thread. At least please look up your topic on Wikipedia before posting. Good luck with the answers.

Yes.

Great find Hans. The microbiome of communities of bacteria in the gut are so important as indicators of health and sources of future preventive medical strategies. A pity it did not get more hits. The study you included is fascinating and I hope the FMT had a long-lasting and not a transient effect.