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We don’t fully know since it’s not currently possible to keep a brain functioning and healthy once it’s fully severed from the body that grew it. Whether you put it in a vat or an entry bag of Cheetos, this is all hypothetical. Keep in mind, however, (no pun intended) that the brain doesn’t really care about the actual interaction of atoms (as you call it) that occurs when a touch happens between the body and something out in the world. All the brain cares about is what nervous signals are arriving to its various parts, how intense those signals are, the duration of the signals, and in what order those signals arrive. This information is then all combined to form a “narrative” describing the event in our conscious mind... the part we generally consider to be the self... the “me” behind the eyes. So something presses against our skin. This change in pressure causes certain receptors to activate, and those receptors trigger a cascade to the receptors around them (nerve cell 1 activates nerve cell 2, and nerve cell 2 then activates nerve cell 3, cell 3 activates cell4, and on and on all the way up the spine until the signal finally arrives to our brain...then some new signals cascade throughout the brain much like ripples travel across a pond after tossing in a stone). But that is all... the only thing the brain “sees” is that a specific change in voltage happened at a specific nerve cell or set of cells. It’s only later once those incoming signals have been put together that the brain concludes that this thing which just happened was a touch... it then compares it against previous touch experiences to determine specifically what touched us etc. Following this same logic, you could theoretically send a signal to your brain in a vat separately. So long as that signal being sent to your severed brain mimics the signals sent to the brain from the body, then we can likely assume it would be perceived as a touch no differently than touches get perceived today. You’d clearly need to tune the signals like musical instruments in a symphony to achieve the right “sound” and there are lots of assumptions embedded here (like the fact that we’re successfully keeping a functioning brain in a vat somehow), but that’s my take. Hopefully it gives you some food for thought.

That's something I imagine happening to Silvio Berlusconi.

Are you hoping his bacteria would evolve into something intelligent? I'd rather not spoil Titan. How about dumping him in an orbit where his mortal remains will burn up falling into the sun? Or just drop him from a mile or two into shark territory. Or teleport into his office, kidnap him, have him carted off somewhere and get a few medics in green rubber suits to do invasive tests on him for a few days, then put him back in the office. Wait for him to try to explain his absence... Or just spike his breakfast burger with truth drugs... Personally, I'd rate 7 of 9 a ten.

I give this idea a 7 of 9 rating

Well, if we have the Delta Flyer … To the Delta Quadrant to visit the Borg. ( you know you want to; resistance is futile )

The way 2020’s been going, he’d probably turn into Dr Manhattan or Luther from The Umbrella Academy if we did that

Am I Russian to conclusions or are you Gulagging behind?

Thank you. Yes, you are correct the change in Gibbs free energy tell us whether a process (including a chemical reaction) is thermodynamically feasible without outside assistance. (ie spontaneity) But the statement of any form of energy, internal energy, heat energy, specific heat, work etc is meaningless without relating it to to something. There is twice as much energy in 2kg or 2 moles of something as in 1kg or 1 mole. So relating it to the number of moles makes no difference to its significance to this fact. You have correctly identified that delta G has to be negative for a reaction to be able proceed of its own accord, A good answer would include the meaning of the negative sign. A very good answer would include a note as to whether this means the reaction would necessarily proceed or if any other factor might be involved. Does this help ?

Absolutely not! You just read some Dostoyevsky and started Russian to conclusions.

Isn't that the Enthalpy ? 'Free energy' includes an entropic contribution.

This is in homework help. So I can't answer the question directly - is this really a homework question or are you actually seeking an explanation ? Also you have asked for the 'thermodynamic meaning' - whatever that is. Thermodynamically, working 'per mole' is a method of quantifying that is very convenient, particularly in Chemistry. In Physics and Engineering quantitative calculations are often carried out 'per kg' or even 'per container full' But in Electrochemistry we obtain the full benefit of working 'per mole' since 1 mole of charge is 1 coulomb of electricity. So per mole units can be directly converted to the Electrochemistry of cells, half cells and even reactions via the Nernst equation, Faraday's Laws etc. Please tell us more about the background to this question.

If you could kick the person in the pants responsible for most of your trouble, you wouldn’t sit for 
a month (Theodore Roosevelt)

The Higgs field is not in a false vacuum state. Vacuum energy is possibly at a false zero state. But if you add energy to the vacuum so as to enable particles to 'pop' into existence throughout the universe, you have effectively raised the vacuum energy to levels not seen since the Electroweak era ( before the Higgs field was manifest ), and possibly even before the GUT era ( where Color/strong force separated from the Electroweak ). The fall from these high vacuum energy levels, through symmetry breaks and intermediate false energy plateaus, is opposite to what you describe happening.

The White House. Land on the lawn Wait for the press etc to turn up then broadcast a message " You lost; start packing,. You leave in January. " Then leave.

To Paris, of course! I can't imagine why I would want to go to a place where I can't even breathe!

The parameters are identical for modelling any real physical object. (ref. 1) Note that all the interference patterns that you have pictured are formally called Fresnel zone plates, and informally just called zone plates. The results are identical, with the exception that the original object may be physical and the other object may be a virtual hologram. The mathematics in (ref. 1) are capable of modelling any Fresnel zone plate, including point source holograms (ref. 2). Can a physical Fresnel lens project a virtual hologram?....Affirmative. (ref. 3) Reference: Wikipedia - Fresnel Zone Plate: (ref. 1) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_plate Wikipedia - Hologram - point sources: (ref. 2) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holography#Point_sources Physical Fresnel Lens Hologram Test: (ref. 3) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8wSabvv1xs

Recognize anyone ?

As am I! I've a few historical ones of myself to suggest in the future. Yes, the treatment worked wonders. Turned out all I had to do was try to bathe in a field of cacti and listen to Dostoyevsky insult me five or six times a sentence. Half-True story, everyone should try it! Disclaimer: The cactus stunt suggested here is fictitious and should only be performed by the professional idiots out there in the world... To YouTube!

Interference is the result of wave addition.The solution to the Schrödinger equation for a central potential gives one specific answer. The solution for hydrogen only looks like your zone plate interference pattern for the l=0, ml = 0 solutions for various values of n. Get away from that and they don't look similar at all. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_orbital#/media/File:Hydrogen_Density_Plots.png Light and deBroglie wave interference is typically of sine waves, because of Huygens principle - every point on a wavefront is itself the source of spherical waves. So you get a spherical wave when you go through an aperture, and that's the origin of the interference.

Many historical 'facts' are contested and debated by historians. Things like the cause of the fall of the Mycenaean civilization, which, along with Crete, comprised the 1st Greek empire, fought a war with Troy, and literally disappeared from the face of the Earth. Things like did the Roman Empire really fall, or did it just 'absorb' invaders and convert them to the Roman way of life and governance. Things like the cause and mistakes in execution of the 1st World War. And its contribution to the beginning of the 2nd World War. Things like Papal authority ( even over Emperors ) and the amassing of power and corruption by the Church, along with wars encouraged by the Church and the selling of 'Salvation' which led to splintering into differing 'sects'. Things like was the Vietnam War winnable, and more importantly, was winning necessary or of benefit. Things like the paradigm shift that brought about the Renaissance. How many did you want me to list ...

And I might reply to your many questions one day too, just not today