Anatomy, Physiology and Neuroscience

Since about 8 years ago I have been occasionally experiencing the sudden appearance of a bright blue dot in my vision. The frequency with wich it occurs also varies: sometimes I see them a few times a day, sometimes not for weeks. It is not longer present than 2 seconds and is not moving, even if my visionfield changes (= even if I look at something else). Also, they appear in different surroundings: regardless of lightintensity and coloursetting. They can appear with a background of a white wall in daylight, as well as in dark with different coloured background. I've never experienced a pressure on my eyes or head when it happens. In other words, I haven't discovered a c…

Calculus of how genes grow human organs: https://sc.edu/study/colleges_schools/artsandsciences/mathematics/our_people/directory/vasquez_paula.php https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0898122109005343 https://www.engadget.com/2019-04-20-hitting-the-books-infinite-powers.html https://phys.org/news/2019-06-genes-interact-tissues.html https://openstax.org/books/concepts-biology/pages/18-2-development-and-organogenesis Calculus shows us how to produce retroviruses to ungrow vulva/phallus and grow phallus/vulva? Science shows us how the fetus blastocysts form endoderms, mesoderms and ectoderms which form all organs: https://training.seer.c…

Good morning all While having a cataract removal consultation, I pointed out to the surgeon that I cannot lie still and she agreed to a general. She asked for details and I told her that I have a regular uncontrollable desire to turnover in bed, so much so that it ruins my sleep. I might have to turnover and then back again within a minute. She said that I may have a neurological condition that can be dealt with. I did not want to spend her time on something that is not quite her "Realm" Would you be kind enough to give me just a lttle information so that I know how to communicate properly with my GP? Thank you.

What are the effects on a human body that consumes brackish water of different NaCl concentrations ranging from 1,500ppm to 30,000ppm? My understanding is 500ppm or higher is considered unsafe, blood and IV fluids are around 9,000ppm, recommended daily sodium allowance is around 2,300mg or 2.3L of water at 1,000ppm, and around 30,000-35,000ppm (sea water) the kidneys can no longer remove salt from the body. It seems that in premodern times, humans often did not have a choice in their water sources and many resorted to drinking brackish water. What's even more interesting is entire settlements were created that relied on brackish water with concentrations around 1,000-2,00…

I am a 40 yr old female with a sudden craving for chemical smells. I don't know where this came from, but for some reason I'm severely craving smells. I can watch a commercial on household cleaners and my mouth just waters! I don't get high from the smells. I am not pregnant and I do not do drugs. I just can't get over this sudden urge to sniff everything that has harsh chemicals in it. I went to a tire store the other day to smell the tire showcase. I would drink Pine Sol, but I know it would hurt me. I want to eat dirt and love to get behind old trucks leaking black exhausts!! What is this all about?! I'm really concerned about this. I haven't resorted to eating any of …

I have a question about the perception of color and have a small thought experiment on it. Lets imagine that we take a group of 4 children that have not yet learned colors. We teach 2 of them that everything they see that we normally call "black" is actually "white". And all that is "white" is "black". The other two, we teach normally. Wouldn't the first two children never really know in noone ever told them that what they see is not what everyone else supposively sees? So, what my real question is, isn't this how everyone learns how to distinguish colors. Someone tells us at any early age that a particular color is say "red", and now for the rest of…

Hi folks! I'm wondering, dose neurons analyse themselvs? Anyone who might help me in this speculation? Besides, it's a bit hard finding facts on this matter... Such as studies. I'm also wondering, if consciousness happens due to this perhaps "self analysis". Or maybe it's due to their analysis of their own product... Neuron electricity. And they trough that maybe get to be self aware? I'm curious. Beds regards L.

Are chronic cannabis users less sensitive to negative peer influence? (ie: Bullying, ostracism, etc...) How do chronic cannabis usage influence the mood and behavior? My hypothesis is that long-term cannabis administration may positively influence civilized behavior and fine-tune serotonergic brain circuits connected to behavioral flexibility.

My Pastor said last Sunday that Google estimates that 4 to 10 thousand advertisements are seen by a person on a given day. That seems high, but I wonder if it factors the data tracing the user by computers like surf history and phone usage. I was taught that you design your according to the target audience. But this rule does not work backwards because I don’t always know who has me as their target audience. So we are subject to thousands of messages a day and we don’t know who created them or how they are trying to influence us. We don’t know what it is that they are trying to make as act. I hope free will exists in that we could make choices and …

Hello my name is Grayson. Answer this poll please!

More specifically, I am confused about why the increased underwater pressure would have an effect on the internal pressure in a person's body. Idk maybe I'm an idiot and the answer is too obvious for most people to ask, but hey here I am!

Sometimes dieting and exercise fail to produce significant weight-loss in obese patients. This is often excused by variations in celular metabolism. Yet what if inadequate temperature resistance was a factor in obesity? For example gyms often have roasting saunas and cold showers as acute forms of exercise. Yet strolling in the rain is also a challenge to the body even if it's more gradual in nature. Wearing shorts is a subtle reminder that walking can still be athletic. Maybe mod-cons like air conditioning and central heating can be counterproductive for weight-loss. For example people who frequently walk can often build up resistance to mild temperature imbalances indoo…

Hi all. Saw this, never seen before : Adults not creating new fat cells. Is it true ? Can anyone explain how adults get fatter ? Do the same cells since a youngster get bigger instead of adding 'new' ? 🤔 Edited, added :

The last 100 years or so has seen a steady reduction in the mental agility required for ordinary everyday living. Folks no longer need to work out weights and measures, or calculate prices, totals or change to be given. Modern 'scales' do all this and more. You can just wave your phone or RFID card at the bus driver, sometimes you don't even get a ticket or receipt. Reading is no longer required. No it is conventional wisdom that as we progress through life and grow into old age, physical exercise is important towards retaining good physical health and agility. So the question arises does the same thing occur with mental agility…

Elevated cAMP has adverse effect on the immune system as one case. It desensitize the innate and in some cases the adaptive immune T and B cells. Does anyone know of any drugs/methods etc.. to up-regulate cAMP levels in a uniform manner safely? The Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) in general do this by degrading cAMP but they specific PDEs to specific cAMP control PDE-1, PDE-2 .... Caffeine and other methlxanthines such as theophyline are general PDE(x) but don't get great intercellular as they don't cross the cell wall easily. The dosages needed would be unsafe to use in some cases. Other methods would be to block the control ligand on the cell surface, also risky. …

Hello I'm translating a book called models of Mind by Grace Lindasy and I want to understand what is meant by noisy inputs - noisy outputs - noisy neurons in the following: - This means neurons do have the power to destroy noise – to take in noisy inputs while producing less noisy outputs. - If noisy inputs led to outputs that were just as, or possibly more, noisy, this would be a perfectly self-consistent story; noisy neurons would beget noisy neurons.

Hello, I am translating a book called Models of Mind by Grace Lindasy and I want to understand what is meant by the following from the extract from Chapter 4: - will drive the network to fill in the rest. (does it mean that the activation of new neurons form certain memory will drive the network to activate more neurons that form other memories related to this memory ) - network is in an attractor state (the state of network evolves to attractor state or the network itself became an attracor?) - Initial states (of the system of neurons in a network? ) -specific memory attractor ( attractor of memories or the memory itself is the attractor "attra…

Hello, I am translation a book called models of mind by Grace Lindacy and I want to understand what is meant by snapshot in the following: If it only uses a quick snapshot of its input, however, the noise will dominate. So how much time does a neuron combine its inputs over? About 20 milliseconds. That may not seem like long, but for a neuron it’s plenty. A spike only takes about 1 millisecond and a cell can be receiving many at a time from all of its different inputs. Therefore, neurons should be able to take the average over many snapshots of input before deciding to spike. - Does take the average over = take the average of - what does it mean by snapshots of…

Hello, I am translating a book called Models of Mind by Grace Lindasy and I want to want to make sure of some thing Chapter 4: Does delay activity in the following sentence is the same as delay period activity which means: A simple definition of delay-period activity is the activity observed during the delay period. Therefore, delay-period activity can be observed in any task condition if the task includes the delay period. And, delay-period activity can be observed in any brain areas But if delay activity occurs without any external input from an image then that sustained input must come from neighbouring neurons. Thus, delay activity can only be gen…

Hi all, I posted here a while ago on the topic of 'bone remodeling' specifically in relation to the pelvis. Many here disagreed with the premise to even begin with, others think it's too far off. My initial thought was that bones could be remodeled through cutting bone and carefully placing and removing bits and pieces to create the desired outcome. Cutting bone and replacing parts with stem cell-grown material is invasive to put it simply, and absolutely would require a large recovery time and risk assessment as well as research. However, while discussing this with others interested, a research article was found that documents the and I quote: "reappearance o…

I don't mean "suspended animation" but would it be possible to put someone in an induced coma for several months or years while travelling to other parts of the solar system? If so would the following mechanisms be necessary? I guess a machine would have to keep moving the person's limbs into different positions to prevent clotting and emboli. And electrodes to keep stimulating the person's muscles to prevent wastage. I guess the waking crew would have to keep waking the sleepers regular to make sure everything's ok Sound any good?

1. THE BRAIN, the seat of the mind and conscious existence. Without a conscious mind, human or otherwise, nothing matters, nothing in the universe is relevent, what does the beauty of a songbird or rose mean without the means to perceive such beauty in the first place? Consciousness is the single most beautiful thing of Mother Nature, the single greatest natural miracle, and the paradox of this is that consciousness is also the ugliest thing of nature: consciousness means pleasure but it also means misery: the brain is a true case for "mind over matter", without a mind, nothing matters 2. REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS, the single greatest feeling in nature, sex, would not be p…

Does anyone know this is true? I am reading the popular book Atomic Habits (chapter 6) and it says: "The human body has about eleven million sensory receptors. Approximately ten million of those are dedicated to sight." The original source where the above information is from says: "Consider that at any given moment, our five senses are taking in more than 11,000,000 pieces of information. Scientists have determined this number by counting the receptor cells each sense organ has and the nerves that go from these cells to the brain. Our eyes alone receive and send over 10,000,000 signals to our brains each second." ('Strangers to Ourselves: Discovering the Adaptiv…

It seemed to cover anatomy and physiology (human organs, tissues systems and functions) more than anything else and it also hit upon psychology, the human mind and behavior. I never really understood the "biology" aspect of this course. What is "biology" really in the context a Homo sapiens? What is "cell biology"? What does BIOLOGY cover regarding the human body that anatomy and physiology don't? The course started out by defining what all living things needed to be alive and to be considered living things such as the consumption of water and the ability to respond to stimuli. The textbook I had in this very same class was kind of odd. It said that the heart rate…

Dear All, We use Nexfin device to measure blood pressure continuously but there is also ECG module attached. The problem is there is no software installed on the device so we are not able to provide ECG signal. There is an information in the users guide that ECG software is necessary. Unfortunately our kit does not contain CD nor USB drive with it. Does someone have ECG software to Nexfin 2.0? Best regards,