MigL

The word that 'triggers' suspicion of AI usage for me is 'framework'. As in

If then the argument becomes that information is 'hidden' for some observers, but not all, to preserve QM's unitarity condition. Does this not, then, introduce the concept of 'preferred observer', and that Physical Laws may differ for different observers/different locations/different times ? IOW, 'fixing' the information paradox wrecks Physics. ( out of the frying pan, into the fire )

My bad again. In my original post, I should have said My apologies for the confusion. ( speed kills AND adds to confusion )

Given that this 'candle in the cave' is causal, it means we can detect/measure the effects it causes. But the 'candle' has, so far, avoided detection, and we are in the exact same position. All you are doing is giving it a different name.

Yeah. My bad. And I realize that it's not an accurate description, but every ( layman's ) pictorial representation of 'shells' shows higher energies further from the nucleus, such that total ionization is at infinite separation. So I thought my explanation appropriate for the 'level' of the discussion.

I don't have much to add to prime number sieve optimizations, but for others like myself, the following provides some interesting ibsights and historical background on the age old search for primes

Yes Ix-yI=Iy-xI and ???

Atoms are not charged; if they were they'd be ions. A Hydrogen atom has 1 electron ( 2S orbital ) and one proton in the nucleus, making it neutral. A Nitrogen atom has 7 electrons and 7 protons in the nucleus, making it neutral. Two of these electrons are in the inner 1S orbital, and 5 electrons are in the outer valence 2S orbital. The 2S orbital is 'happiest' when it is totally filled with 8 electrons, so when a Nitrogen atom comes across some Hydrogen atoms (given the right circumstances ) it 'steals the electrons of three Hydrogen atoms, forming NH3; while NH3 is still a neutral atom, its charge distribution is imbalanced, as the side of the tetrahedron with three Hydrogen atoms is predominantly triple positive ( 3 'bare' protons ), and the side with the Nitrogen atom now has 3 extra electrons, making it predominantly triple negative, and this imbalance of charge leads to Ammonia being a polar ( preferred charge direction ) molecule.

How about listing some of these implications so that we may discuss them without having to read the paper you linked ?

Don't like to get involved much in Religious discussions. If you substitute 'nations', 'governments', or even 'cultures' in the above post for the word 'religions', it would still be just as applicable. I would not fault the religion itself, but how it is interpreted/leveraged by some people. And, as it is a man-made concept, it cannot be static, but evolves with the times, as @joigus has suggested Hence differences between Old and New Testament, or even how the Church is struggling to stay relevant in modern times. I don't think many people have a need for Religion, just like many people have no need for nations, cultures or even governments; IF everything is working well. But when things go wrong, and there is suffering, people hope that their nation/government/culture will take care of them. ( even when that hope is an irrational belief, as in in America under D Trump ) That is what Religion provides; a crutch, or a hope, to get some people through their times of suffering. I'm not a believer, and I don't need a crutch, but I certainly don't fault those that do. I do fault those that leverage that suffering to take advantage of the sufferers, by blaming everything wrong on the 'heathens', much like the government of D Trump blames everything wrong with America on the immigrants ( which once made it great ).

Some resins are activated by amines, some by UV, some by oxidizers. IOW, air can be a self activator. The activator is an 'accelerant' that speeds up a slowly occurring chemical process.

Believe it or not, the Challenger part of the Mariana Trench, at a depth of 36000 ft. does support active life. "Life, uh, finds a way" Dr. Ian Malcolm ( Jeff Goldblum ) Jurassic Park 1993

I'm not sure the forum discussion process is suitable for that. I know you often try, but I think the best we can do is 'steer them' in the right direction. Thanks. I wasn't sure; my last Chemistry course was a long time ago ( Gr. 13 in 76/77 ).

I think you need a quick tutorial on the Lewis representation of bonds. Other than the first row of the Periodic table, which has a maximum of 2 electrons in its 1S orbital, all others contain up to 8 ( 2S, 2P, ... ), because the central Transition Metals can be disregarded ( their outer electrons are not valence, but rather conduction ). Atoms, whether free or bonded to others are 'happiest' when their lowest orbitals are full with 8 electrons, so sometimes they steal, or sometimes borrow, electrons from their bonded neighbor. Two dots, inline between neighboring atoms is equivalent to a line ( .. > - ). Four dots, where two are inline is equivalent to two lines ( :: > = ). And this can go to three lines or ( possibly ? ) to four. Sometimes this electron 'book-keeping does not take the protons in the nucleus into account, so when one of the pair 'steals' electrons from the other, you end up with 'excess' charge on opposite ends, and this ionic bond is polar ( as Studiot and KJW are discussing above ). A simple example would be water ( H2O ) where the electronegative Oxygen ( 6 protons ) now has 8 electrons due to uneven sharing, making its side negative, while leaving the Hydrogen sides with an excess positive charge. You know, your best resource for learning IS your teacher ( at least until you have enough foundational knowledge, discipline and confidence for self-learning ). If something is not explained to your satisfaction, keep asking questions; they owe you this knowledge.

Again, what does this mean ? I assume microcosm is in quotes because you are giving it a non-standard definition. You're going to supply a citation for this also ? I don't remember reading any Einstein where he says the geometric ( space-time ) field is a "substance'. Or are you assigning a non-standard definition to substance also. Energy, not being a substance, is a property of photons. As such, a pair of high energy photons ( gamma ) can give rise to a a couple of particles with the property of mass ( obeying conservation laws, of course ) with additional energy supplying the property of momentum to those particles. Clearly the energy of the photons is greater than that of the particles.

I don't know what that means. Re you considering entropy a form of un-useable energy ? While massless non-matter has no valid frame, it does have a 'travel' time of d/c.

No. If y is larger than x the relation is not satisfied.

Valence refers to the number of electrons in the valence band, OR, the available positions that can be filled in the valence band. There are, except for certain special orbital states, 8 electrons and available positions in the valence band where bonds to other atoms are made by 'sharing' electrons.

Of course it does, I'm not condemning it. It's a great accomplishment and the beginning, but it's not the end, don't forget that. Not only do you not know what you are talking about, you don't seem to understand what others are telling you either.

It is unfortunate that one of the biggest breakthroughs ( as numerous others have mentioned ), mRNA vaccine tech, which can be 'built up' to target various specific infections and has the potential to save so many lives around the world, is seen by many people as dangerous and an attack on their 'freedoms'. It is seen as an 'opinion' not as factual. We may be entering an age in which science and technology ( like Religion and Nationhood previously ) is used to control people, and like the internet/social media is already doing.

No. Learn a little of the science and you'll realize why. IOW, ask about QM, a well-defined science; not a human defined abstraction like 'intuition'.

In Canada, our 'Head of State' is a Monarch from another country, through a representative, the GG, in ours. As is the British Monarchy, the office is purely symbolic and serves mainly to rubber stamp Parliamentary decisions. But it seems to work pretty well. I suspect there will be increased emphasis on gerrymandering and voter suppression during the next year. If D Trump loses the support of a majority of sycophants in the House and Senate after the mid-terms, his powers will be greatly curtailed. He will essentially be a 'lame duck', and it can't come soon enough.

You two are ganging up on me, eh 😃 The map/territory allegory is not one I use often, but I do often stress the difference between the model and the reality. The one HAS to be a limited subset of the other, otherwise the model would be the reality. But I did appreciate KJW's post.

Two of the most predictable wars in world history have resulted in World Wars. Both acted like stacks of dominoes; once set in motion, there was only one inevitable outcome. The worst part, for Germany, was that about a year into either war, they knew that loss was unavoidable. Knowing what was coming didn't stop them. Knowing the outcome didn't stop them.

@KJW +1 for everything except the map/territory part. All maps I've ever seen have an 'edge'; no territory does.