MigL

What does any of this have to do with Greta Thunberg's mission to appear relevant ? I would be willing to bet large sums of money that even in gun-happy USA, there are less weapons in Chicago than there are in Gaza. And they seem to be getting in, no problem, so your analogy fails miserably. ( maybe Iran should supply cases of food instead of cases of rockets )

That was the Russian claim. They also claimed they were fighting NAZIs in a 'special operatipn', not a war. The metric is, ultimately, how many people die, whether it be by malnutrition/starvation, or being shot and blown to bits. The 'whataboutism' applies to your implication that one is a more humane way to die than the other. I would assume I share that same right to criticize what I see as misguided or biased. Other than that particular sentence relating to Greta Thunberg I have no problem with any of the other excellent suggestions made by @TheVat in his post. Again ... apologies for continuing off topic. ( I was forced to defend )

About 40X as many people have died in Ukraine ( Russian and Ukrainian ) as have died in Gaza. When Greta Thunberg goes on a food/medicine smuggling run into the Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhia and Kherson Oblasts, I will take her seriously, otherwise she's just putting her biases on display. Apologies for the off-topic comment ...

I do remember a sci-fi book, by Robert L Forward, a Physicist turned sci-fi author famous for 'Dragon's Egg' ( Dragon's Egg - Wikipedia ), a story about sentient life on a neutron star, adhering to rigorous scientific principles, which involved a dual planet system, orbiting Bernard's star, and which were close enough to share an atmosphere, and IIRC, there was a waterfall from one planet's ocean to the other's. Not sure what shape these planets would have taken, or the precarious balance that would have kept them from breaking up under gravitational stresses, as it was a long time ago that I read it, and it wasn't as memorable as Dragon's Egg. I believe the story was called Rocheworld; you may want to look it up.

Good luck with that.

The Posse Comitatus Act prohibits the use of military forces to enforce domestic laws, unless authorized by an act of Congress or the Constitution. The legal exception to the Posse Comitatus Act is when the Executive ( President ) invokes the Insurrection Act to quiet domestic insurrection. This would be hard for the Trump Administration to prove in court, as he has previously set the bar for Insurrection very high, claiming Jan 6 was NOT an insurrection and having pardoned ALL the perpetrators. Whether the courts can, or will, do anything about it is a different story.

For clarification ... Exchemist said the Iranian religious leadership was not suicidal ( correct me if I'm wrong ). To which I replied that they may not be, but have no problem convincing others to be suicidal. Seems to be a discussion about suicidal tendencies. But I do agree ... Putin's opposition to NATO defensive expansion and subsequent invasion of Ukraine, have led to a major expansion of NATO. Trump's unwillingness to use its nuclear deterrent against Russia has led to European nations expanding their own nuclear capabilities, and proliferation. After the Israeli attacks on Iran, Pakistan has suggested using their nukes against Israel. ( and India will use theirs against Pakistan, China will use theirs against India, and the US will use theirs against China; that's how 'mad' some of these people really are )

That must be it ! D Trump and his goons didn't get any hugs as babies, fell over, and banged their heads.

This was Netanyahu's plan all along. He purposely sabotaged American negotiations to re-establish the nuclear enrichment control treaty, which D Trump himself had cancelled during his first Presidency, by attacking while negotiations were ongoing. Trump has no choice now, because he hates being 'played' by anyone other than Putin. Really ??? They didn't fund and supply arms to Hamas and Hezbollah since they were first established? How many of those idiots have died since Oct. 7 ? They don't pay people to strap bombs around their chest and walk into Israeli nightclubs to 'martyr' themselves ??? How many of those idiots have died, and their families received further payments ? Do you believe the Israeli embargo allows Hamas to put together an operation like Oct. 7 without Iranian financial and military support ??? I consider you very far from an idiot; don't give me reason to begin changing my mind by making easily contradicted claims.

They may not be, but they have no problem convincing their people to be.

Hrumph-hrumph ... ( Japanese guy in the corner loudly clearing his throat ) I don't like pre-emptive attacks, based on the possibility that an adversary might do something. But ... Israel has had nuclear weapons for about 40 years, and although constantly under attack, has never used them. Is any one of you convinced that if Iran had nuclear weapons, the religious fundamentalist zealots that run the country would hesitate to use them ? One problem for Israel is that the Fordow facility is deeply buried ( 80-90m ), and Israel lacks bunker-busting munitions. They need to drag the US into the operation to be able to use American munitions, although D Trump is hoping that the Iranians will now reconsider his 'negotiations' ( so he has at least one 'win' after five months of big beautiful Presidency ). An alternative is to use nukes to penetrate the Fordow facility. I wouldn't put that past Netanyahu, but his armed forces and people might object ( and it would make my second paragraph a lie )

2/3 of galaxies rotate in one direction, the other 1/3 rotate in the opposite direction. Clockwise or counter-clockwise depends on which side you are looking from.

All depends on the mass within the radius you are concerned with. Any mass outside that radius is not a consideration due to Newton's shell theorem ( did you look it up ? ). For the Earth, this is complicated by the fact that density is not uniform ( as Swansont explained, buoyancy in the 'liquid layers cause stratification ) and gravity actually increases, at first, with depth, but then starts dropping off eventually reaching no gravity at the center. This is due to Newton's shell theorem ( did you look it up ? ) Also keep in mind that this is handled quite well by Newtonian gravity; no need for GR. If you did use GR, you'd have to resort to using those 'arbitrary mathematical imaginary surfaces' ( I forgot to mention dimensionally reduced ) to compound your confusion.

Should be more worried that using Semaglutide, the active ingredient in Ozempic, doubles the risk of non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. NAION is a condition that deprives the optic nerve ( and related retinal receptors ) of blood flow, causing cellular death and non-reversible vision loss. This is somewhat related to the effects of Glaucoma ( and the reason for my interest ). Don't yet know if the studies that suggest this result were influenced by the test subjects having the pre-existing diabetic condition, which usually causes problems with capillary blood flow. Lose weight the old-fashioned way; reduce caloric intake of eating/drinking to a level below the caloric output of your activitiy/exercise.

Exactly. R Feynman and my 3rd year Physics Prof taught me in 1980 that the HUP is an inherent quality of all wave motion, be it radio waves or the deBroglir waves of quantum particles. As for the OP, every theoretical model has 'flaws', because they are not the actual thing/effect being modelled. But we usually call them limitations of the model, certainly not 'flaws', because every model is useful within its limits

In the first configuration, gravity is strongest on the surface ( not the center ) of the planet, not at some arbitrary mathematical point on an imaginary surface, used to explain General Relativity to noobs. The same goes for the other two configurations; the 'source' of gravity is the Center of Gravity of the mass distribution doing the gravitating. And since mass is proportional to volume ( generally ), and falls off with the cube of the radius, gravity generally decreases within the mass distribution, falling to zero at the Center of mass ( see Newton's shell theorem ). Don't know what your fourth animation is supposed to represent ...

If I understand you correctly ( posting style and language make understanding difficult ), you are implying that gluon 'pressure' pushes quarks together inside nucleons, and that same gluon 'pressure' pushes galaxies together, making the color interaction the same as gravity and the gluon equivalent to the graviton. However ... A neutron is composed of two down quarks ( 2 x -1/3 ) and one up quark ( +2/3 ) while a proton is composed of two up quarks ( 2 x +2/3 ) and one down quark ( -1/3 ) to account for the uncharged neutron and the +1 charged proton. QCD holds that gluons are subject to the color interaction, and since quarks come in three colors, and anti-quarks come in three types of anti-color, to distinguish between all the differing quark/anti-quark species, gluons have to carry nine different combinations of color/anti-color. But because we don't observe neutrons and protons to be in any of these color states, they are in a color singlet state, which allows interaction among neutrons and protons, but not with any other color states. IOW, Protons interact with neutrons but not with quarks or gluons, so that of the nine 'effective states' there are only eight 'actual' states, and the singlet color state does not exist. These eight color states, being independent, help distinguish/group the various combinations of quark flavors that make up protons, neutrons, mesons, etc. So, please tell us what mechanism in your theory ( ? ) distinguishes between the various quarks to form composite particles like protons and neutrons. More precisely, how does 'gluon/graviton pressure' in your so called theory distinguish between an up quark and a down quark ???

Yes they are. But the Planck length is 20 orders of magnitude smaller than a proton, which is only 15 orders of magnitude smaller than us. IOW, there is a smaller difference between us and protons, than there is between protons and the Planck scale. There being a vast difference in how things behave at atomic scales compared to macro scales, how much more prevalent would differences be at Planck scales ? And since we cannot generate the energies needed to investigate even close to Planck scales, the question remains unanswered. Quarks and Gluons are not 'little balls' interacting inside the 'bag' we call a Hadron. They are quantum particles, none of which have a discernible size, display both particle and wave nature ( depending on circumstance ), have an intrinsic angular momentum where nothing is spinning ( no radius ) but is called spin, and occupy distinct states, with nothing ( discontinuity ) in between the states. Your 'logic' immediately fails.

Quarks are only present within the diameter of a hadron, and at that separation the Color interaction dominates; here's what Wikipedia has to say on the matter "At a distance of 10−15 m, its strength is around 100 times that of the electromagnetic force, some 106 times as great as that of the weak force, and about 1038 times that of gravitation." That makes any gravitational force, even Newtonian, acting between Quarks trivial

The 'strong' force is actually a residual force; a byproduct of the Color interaction between Quarks and Gluons. It is called a 'color' interaction because it is modelled by Quantum Chromo Dynamics. At scales less than the diameter of a hadron ( proton or neutron ), Quarks experience color confinement, meaning that the color force does not diminish with separation, effectively making the separation of two Quarks impossible as the required energy of separation will 'create' new pairs of Quarks. This binding energy makes up most of the mass of Hadrons, as individual Quarks only account for approx. 1% of a Hadron's mass. At scales larger than the diameter of a Hadron, a residual aspect of the Color interaction binds Hadrons together, and this is mediated not by Gluons but rather Pi Mesons ( modelled as a Yukawa interaction ), and diminishes extremely rapidly with separation. As to the unification with other forces, here is a quote from Wikipedia ... Strong interaction - Wikipedia "The so-called Grand Unified Theories (GUT) aim to describe the strong interaction and the electroweak interaction as aspects of a single force, similarly to how the electromagnetic and weak interactions were unified by the Glashow–Weinberg–Salam model into electroweak interaction. The strong interaction has a property called asymptotic freedom, wherein the strength of the strong force diminishes at higher energies (or temperatures). The theorized energy where its strength becomes equal to the electroweak interaction is the grand unification energy. However, no Grand Unified Theory has yet been successfully formulated to describe this process, and Grand Unification remains an unsolved problem in physics. If GUT is correct, after the Big Bang and during the electroweak epoch of the universe, the electroweak force separated from the strong force. Accordingly, a grand unification epoch is hypothesized to have existed prior to this."

Thank you2

One fairly persistent idea is that at small enough separation ( Planck scale ), and/or high enough energies like those at 10E-43 sec after the Big Bang, a Grand Unified force existed briefly. Gravity was the first to separate at that time, followed by the Color force, and finally the Weak from the Electromagnetic, through a series of symmetry breaks.

No, no, no and no. Electromagnetism 'couples' to charge. Gravity 'couples' to anything that has energy-momentum, including high frequency, fast moving particles like photons. ( and even itself )

I will agree with String Junky, some Israeli politicians, including B Netanyahu, are criminally insane. But, then again, it's not like there is a shortage of the criminally insane in the Palestinian Government, Hamas. The insane on one side breed the insane on the other, The vicious circle never stops going round until all are insane, including every 'Gazan child'. And I have to wonder ... If Ukraine had killed 1500 peaceful Russian concert goers, kidnapped several hundred, and was STILL holding a lot of them captive, would anyone blame Russia for attacking Ukraine and killing several times the numbers killed in Gaza ? ( just putting things in perspective ) Israel always seems to have differing standards applied to them.

I know both are 'grifters', as apparently all the cardinal showing up for the Papal Conclave were showing up in limos and adorned with all sorts of gold ( my supervisor was vacationing in Rome ), but I would rather have the new Pope as head of the American Government than Donald Trump. So much for the Christian teaching "the poor and meek shall inherit the Earth" ...