Anatomy, Physiology and Neuroscience

Can one become tolerant to one's own neurotransmitters? I know this can happen with a drug like dexedrine. Dexedrine increases the supply of dopamine in the synaptic gap, and based on my own experience, one can develop a dopamine tolerance at these sites. But what if you were in an environment in which you were being constantly stimulated by things which resulted in dopamine releases in the brain. For example, what if you were a video game addict. I'm told that the joy of playing video games comes from all the little dopamine releases that the game provides. Would you develop a dopamine tolerance even then?

Does it exist in the human brain/ We have well established evidence of neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone. Is there neurogenesis in the cortex? Some time ago I came across a paper proving that it does.

Now how galvanometer measures the ionic potential although the there is no electrons ? can any one make a comparison between ionic current and electronic current in the main defines like Intenstiy ?

Hello, so I've actually made a new account for this because I am incredibly embarrassed to admit this, but ever since I can remember, I have had a small but consistent semi-circle near the backside of my glans penis that is white/pale and not very intrusive. I have the same small growth on the part of the penis that attaches to the shaft. I was wondering if anyone knew anything about this and if I should be worried. It is not itchy or painful and emits no odour, but when I tried removing it, it felt like it was directly attached to my skin. I can provide photos if anyone is seriously looking into this, but I am obviously not too keen on showing pictures of that part of my…

Hi, Right now i am doing my bachelor thesis on the femur found by Eugene Dubois in 1892. In the fossils discription he notes the ANGELUS MEDIALIS which is absent in this femur in comparison to modern humans. The problem is that i cannot seem to find out about which part of the femur he is talking. I assume it is an old term, which is not used anymore. Does anyone of you guys have any idea what the modern term could be? Thank you very much

Hi, I have read (on multiple places, including watching YouTube) that your body can't consume more than about 30-35 grams of protein per meal (or protein shake). I wonder how long it takes for it to restart and the body can absorb that amount again (how many minutes or hours?). I also wonder what determines when you consume more than the body can handle per meal (or protein shake) if the protein gets converted to fat or just go in the toilet. I have heard that both of this happens.

Hi, I’m a computer science student and I do my internship in a medical imaging laboratory where I work on machine learning methods for predicting brain age from T1 MRI. I learn every day different things about medical imaging, but I’m still very novice in this field. In a paper, authors talk about “smoothing MRI with a FWHM kernel of 8mm and resampling with spatial resolution of 8mm”. I understand that they apply a gaussian filter and they reduce MRI resolution, but I have two unanswered questions : How do we reduce MRI resolution ? Is it correct to do this simply by using mean operator among neighbors ? That what they mean by saying “resampling” ? …

Let's assume the pressure-volume loop shifted to the left due to X treatment, however, the end diastolic pressure volume relationship (EDPVR) and stroke volume (SV) remained the same, and in addition, peak systolic pressure also remained the same, what would be the effect on efficiency? My first assumption was that efficiency will increase since the ejection fraction will increase as the EDV will decrease due to the left shifting. However, on second analysis, efficiency will remain the same as the stroke work, the stiffness, and compliance of ventricles left unchanged. Therefore, I am torn between the two - any help would be appreciated on understanding this

Hi, I wonder if it's true that it's better to have your heart rate at about 70% of your max heart rate to burn fat?(https://www.healthline.com/health/fitness-exercise/fat-burning-heart-rate; ) I have heard that if you workout at your maximum heart rate the body will use stored glucose in your muscles (collagen) which can be bad if you want to build muscle. I don't care specifically about burning fat, just burn calories so less calories will be stored as fat, but I don't want stored glucose in my muscles to be used as the energy.

Hi, I have a question about opioids. When you are running for a long period of time the body produces endorphines. Here is a quote from a webiste (https://guenergy.com/blogs/nutrition-lab/runner-s-high-is-it-really-all-endorphins: "Scientists found that running for prolonged periods increased levels of β-endorphins in the body’s circulation. This increase was correlated with increased reports of positive mood changes. The correlation led researchers to conclude that β-endorphins produce the runner’s high." The website says that beta-endorphines is increased in the body. This webiste (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8780) says that beta-endorphines are 18-33 more …

Not quite sure where to put this but will start here. Headline Machine translates brainwaves into English. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-52094111 With 3% inaccuracy So do we think the same in all languages?

Don't you think that insufficient funds are allocated to combat aging and this technology is coming late for a common public? This is a problem which affects everyone. What funds could be allocated if every person in relatively developed countries would give $1000 USD to combat aging and how soon some sound results will appear?

Hello everybody, i have gone through an Exenteration surgery many years ago. So the surgeon has removed all the content of my eye socket: eye ball, eye muscles, eyelids… it resulted in my having neck pain …i found out throughout the years that i need to put weght in the socket to fix the problem so here is my question: does any body have access to human cadaver and can remove all the content of an adult male eye socket and tell us what is the weight? i am currently using bout 37 grams but i would be greatly thankful if someone can confirm the approximate weight of all the contents of the human eye socket i would be in great debt to whoever can solve t…

Hi, I’m a computer science student and I do my internship in a medical imaging laboratory where I work on machine learning methods for predicting brain age from T1 MRI. I learn every day different things about medical imaging, but I’m still very novice in this field. I wanted to know if there is a simple way to match each anatomical parcellation label (Destrieux atlas https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2937159/table/T1/?report=objectonly) with the correct lobe (frontal, temporal, limbic, parietal, occipital, insula or others). For example, I guess that S_temporal_inf matches with temporal lobe. I hope I will not be forced to make researches for each of…

how come lobar pneumonia stays within one lobe and bronchopnuemonia spreads with throughout the whole lungs?

I guess I have a couple questions in one with this post. I just started an online course on anatomy tonight and upon bringing up the composition of bone the teacher made sure everyone knew that collagen fiber & crystalyzed mineral salts were organic material & inorganic material. The given values of composition were 15% water, 30 percent collagen, and 55% min. salt. How does the nonpolar fiber bind with the water and salt (or what I should look into to expand my understanding). My first thought is that the water and salt bond to make a nonpolar compound(?), that then binds with the collagen. On to the actual post question: I was thinking about how water …

Hi, I live very close to a forest. Today while taking a stroll I found a bone fragment (images below). It kind of freaked me out and I was thinking if I should report this somewhere? Please tell me I watch too much true crime and it cannot be human. Maybe someone was taking a dog for a walk there and it was a dog's snack? I didn't see other bones in the vicinity but I also didn't dig. Thanks.

Maybe this seems odd to me because I am not a Doctor, but I get the impression that Blood Pressure is treated more like a disease rather than a symptom. Is high blood pressure a disease? Is it both? I lived from August 2018 to October 2019 assuming that the chest pains and shortness of breath etc was normal, if you have high blood pressure, all the while faithfully taking my high blood pressure meds and daily checking my blood pressure which always read just a little low most of the time. The symptoms I presented in 2018 and 2019 were exactly the same, yet this time the test they gave suggested that an exploratory catheterization was in order where they would fix anything…

Hey everyone! Me and my friend are currently developing (or should I say seeing if it is possible) a new kind of virtual reality headset. The system would have to cause temporary paralysis to the hand; and the process would have to be able to be stopped immediately on demand. This is a problem that has well and truly stumped me - biology (especially neuroscience) is not my area at all - engineering and physics is! I understand that there is a good chance there is no possible way of doing this - I may have to rethink it entirely... Thanks in advance!

Hi I'm just wondering if someone can point me in the right direction for learning more about this, or if you have personal knowledge. CNS fatigue is a big "thing" in the fitness industry but all I can find are glossy articles and stuff that sounds terribly like broscience on forums, I've not been able to find much in the way of scientific research, though that could just be my untrained searching skills. Thanks in advance.

How can there be a large mass in the left hemisphere that has no effect on the right side of the body yet as it pushes its way over into the right hemisphere there is effect to left hand namely a noticeable slight tremor while occasionally dropping something not enough time to worry me but the other day while trying to put the leash on the he dog the hand just quit working and started feeling numb not cold just numb. I was wearing a device on that arm that takes pulse every two minutes during the event the pulse was recorded so I’m assuming that since there was a continued pulse and that my hand did not get cold that my brain over reacted to a painful pinched nerve in m…

Hi, I'm new to this forums, please accept my apologies first I'm asking on the wrong forum. (Some context, I'm not a student / professional on biology / physiology, I'm a IT guy but start getting interest in physiology / health knowledge. I don't satisfy with very general health related suggestion but wondering why. On the other hand, I'm not equipped with knowledge to comprehend the technical literature / papers. Sometimes I struggle to find the information on which is slight more detail than general health focused website). When I try to understand "High Blood Fat" problem, most articles just explain high blood fat is either caused by genet…

Hi, I know that some people have higher metabolic rate than others aside from exercising and diet. Genes play an important role and I would like to know what genes and how those genes affect the metabolic rate. I haven't find so much when I searched for it.

Hello, I understand that scienceforums.net is not about giving medical advice, but I have some questions about how drug tolerance works and I'm wondering if anyone knows about a good source that will answer my questions. Here's some example questions: 1) Can I expect that the time it takes to get over tolerance is relatively equal to the time it takes to become tolerant? So let's say it takes 4 days to become tolerant to a drug at a specific dose. Would it then take 4 days to undo the tolerance if I abstain from the drug for those 4 days? 2) Would tolerance buildup occur at the same rate if I consumed a certain dosage of a drug once per day vs. consumi…

Hi, I started lucid dreaming a few months ago. I got my first 3 lucid dreams on 1 night without using reality checks, but then I started to do it. The first time I tried it I tried to push my finger through my palm in my dream, which DIDN'T work, right after that I pinched my nose and tried to breathe, which DID work so I became lucid. This month I have done 5 reality checks in total in my dreams and it didn't work anytime :(. When I'm awake and do my reality checks I do it in this order: Looking around and see if I can see anything unusual. Looking at the time 3 times and see if it changes. Try to do telekinesis. Pinch my nose and try to breathe 3 times.…