Modern and Theoretical Physics

So you say that there is only one "present", the one we are living in, a kind of universal "Now" in which everything exists.

Been googling for an answer to this for weeks now, but to no avail, so I turn to you guys as the last resort. When two virtual particles emerge in a vacuum (fluctuation), where does the energy come from? I've heard claims that the energy comes from the future (but not from a reliable source). Is that true? (Or is it from the past?) Does the energy involved in quantum fluctuation really travel in time? Or is the origin undetermined?

Has there been any progress in recent years to unify relativity with quantum theory? I have the impression that both string theory an loop quantum gravity have not made any progress recently,

The Boltzmann Equation is based on the probability theory. Supposedly, it is able to calculate how often the smoke from your cigarette could randomly form into an alien consciousness to form a Boltzmann Brain. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_equation

In the past, everything was quite clear - non-renormalizable theories are unable to make any predictions, given that they need an infinite number of parameters, thus, a reasonable theory has to be renormalizable. A massive gauge field would give a non-renormalizable theory, while gauge symmetry gives a renormalizable theory. So, massive gauge fields are not possible, except they have been constructed with some trick and are, fundamentally, something different, as with the Higgs mechanism. Then, if the gauge theory is anomalous, it is also non-renormalizable. So, the gauge theory has to be non-anomalous. That's fine and not problematic, given that we have with t…

If so what is your basis for this conclusion. Also what allows for such complete nonsense to go unchecked by the scientific establishment?

It seems that condensed matter people usually just brute force use Monte-Carlo, but there are some subtle mathematical tools which might be worth considering, for example here is fresh paper with Mathematica implementation calculating in seconds parameters for Ising-like models with many digits of accuracy, also probability distribution of patterns or allowing to generate new uncorrelated field with single scan. 1) Hammersley-Clifford theorem ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersley%E2%80%93Clifford_theorem ) saying that Gibbs fields are equivalent with Markov fields, which allow to simplify models, e.g. through local Markov condition: Pr(value in node | values i…

if this is the wrong forum let me know. how to find how much energy is released in an alpha decay. e=mc2 mass of uranium is 232.03714 when uranium decays into thorium adam its mass is 228.02873 and a helium atom 4.00260 so, e=mc2 for alpha decay of uranium mass defect e= 232.03714 u x c2 final e= 228.02873u+ 4.00260u the initial mass - the final mass = 0.00581 u since 1u= 1.66x10 raised to the -27th power of kilograms plug and play (0.00581 u)(1.66x10 to the -27th power kg/u) =(9.6446x10 raised to the - 30th power)(3x10 raised to the 8th)2 (squared) =8.68x10 raised to the -13th power J (joules 8.68 x 10 to the -13th power …

I need to clear up some confusion. In the beginning of the universe, before inflation ended, there were no “objects” just energy. Is it proper to refer to that energy as “mass” before it cooled enough to be converted to matter? I was under the assumption the definition of mass was: Mass of an object or body is a measure of it’s energy content. I always thought that until the conversion to matter took place, it was just energy with the potential to be X amount of mass.

Albert Einstein did introduce E=mc^2 historically. I have seen numerous proofs for this relativisticly or by calculus from Newtons laws. However for some time ago I found a site that described that a scientist did prove E=mc^2 from an energetic perspective by adding together all energy available from different energy types. I can't find this site online now unfortunately. So I wonder if anyone know the name of this proof for E=mc^2 by adding together different energy contributions. I don't want a derivation I simply want a site that describes this theory or the name of the theory if it has one. It is not this wikipedia page I am looking for https://en.wik…

And/or could they perhaps be all around us? I've heard it proposed that the electron itself may be a black hole; and vice versa. Now, I've also heard neutron stars described as "atomic nuclei". If so, an event such as a black hole orbiting a neutron star might be interpreted as some kind of macro atom, which, like all atoms, might even emit radiation. Is it not true though that Einstein, himself, went to his grave convinced that black holes did not exist? He believed that something would always happen to prevent, or limit, one from forming.

The spectrum of sunlight is a continuous spectrum as in the rainbow. But superimposed on the spectrum are dark absorption lines of some specific frequencies. From the absorption lines, we are able to tell that the main elements of the sun is hydrogen, iron, carbon, helium and some others. My question is why the continuous spectrum ? Elements have characteristic emission line spectra. So every specific wavelength in the sun's continuous spectrum is associated with one (?) element which has that wavelength in its line spectrum. Does it mean that the sun has all 108+ known elements? [edit] Or the emission lines of the main elements in the sun - iron,carbon, e…

In the below figure they mentioned there are two ways the force exerted, one is from north and and one from south pole. Does electron experience a push or pull from the magnetic field as the pink and blue arrow represents and if yes they are in the same direction (As per flow of electrons) so what is the potential on the end at the north pole of the magnet. Is it the same as the one on the south side but in opposite direction. Lets suppose at point B it is 10V. What is the potential at point A, is it -10 V or 0).

Hi all. I study the recombination in a direct band-gap semiconductor. My questioning is that which energy-level the exciting electron settle down when a direct band-gap material exposed by photon (Photoluminescence). The electrons near the valence band maximum(VBM) jump to the energy states near conduction band minimum(CBM) by the exposure of photon. Then they recombine with the electron-holes in VBM emitting photons. As far as I know, I can understand the excitation and recombination using the concept of the exciton. By the way, what happens in the case of (electron occupied) impurity level (between band-gap) forming by doping impurity element to the …

Does the magnetic field of a wire carrying a current have mass?

I looked all over to get the various accepted value of the Planck constant since 1900. But there is never any record about the history of this mysterious number.

I recently read about a device called the "Coil Gun" witch has multiple copper coils that simultaneously turns off causing the atoms to slow down. I also know that temperature is the speed something vibrates. Would it be possible to use this as an every day cooling method? For instance, if I make an MuMetal case large enough to mount to a CPU cooling bracket and have multiple coils inside it with a chip controlling the timing of each coil to re-create the effects of the "Coil Gun", could this become, like, next level CPU cooling? Here's where I read about the "Coil Gun": https://scienceblogs.com/principles/2010/01/19/how-to-make-slow-atoms-and-mol-1

I know there are ways to measure light frequencies directly using diffraction, etc, even for x-rays. Is there a way to directly measure the frequency of gamma rays? Not using energy detectors and E=hf.

Say if I have a laser beam. If I shine another laser beam to intersect the first beam, will this first beam be affected?

Okay, so I was thinking, If it is impossible for matter too travel at the speed of light, light particles easily travel at the speed of light, so instead of trying and failing over and over to make a fast enough vehicle to nearly hit the speed of light, could it be possible to transform matter into light so you can just get rid of the issue of resistance. I have no idea how a person would do this but I read about how students figured out how to turn light into mass and I was wondering if this could be done in reverse. I know about the term for this being Annihilation, but if their was a more controlled way to do this, we could transform objects into light temporarily. (Ag…

While CPT theorem suggests that all processes have time/CPT-symmetric analogues, there are popular doubts regarding some - starting with measurement: 1) Example of wavefunction collapse is atom deexcitation, releasing energy - it is reversible, but it requires providing energy e.g. in form of photon to excite back an atom. Can measurement be seen this way - that there is always some accompanying process like energy release, which would need to be also reversed? For example in Stern-Gerlach experiment: spin tilting to parallel or anti-parallel alignment to avoid precession in strong magnetic field - does it have some accompanied process like energy release e.g. as p…

Please review the blog and let me know your feedback Url removed

How is it possible that the massless photon changes to two particles with mass, The law of conservation of mass is not obeyed because this means during pair production mass is created

I dont understand why we the theory of quantum gravity would apply at a singularity of a black hole . Quantum gravity would describe the gravitational interactions between subatomic particles . On the other hand the mass of the black is too big for any quantum effects . But on the other hand we have a singularity which is dimensionless so it can be considered a quantum system . I think all the confusion begins from there : if we need to study the singularity as a quantum system or without quantum effects .

How does it look like they see our universe as it is (means as we see it) or do they perceive it differently?For such a creature, can our types of dimensions, i.e. height, width, depth, look different?