studiot

No offence meant but Go see an optician. 😁 I say this because when you go to the opticians for eye tests, some of the tests are based on flashsng lights ever shorter and faster until you can no longer catch them. As I am not an optician I don't know the timings, so ask one.

Also look here for some worked examples Biology LibreTexts26.3: Distance Based Methods

@CharonY Perhaps a moderator would help you access/combine your old account as I can see your old posts under the user 'popcornfrenzy' ? With regards to this question here is a free nifty visual network tool that allows you to draw and calculate the distance (weighted or unweighted) matrix amongst other things. It has an instructional video. https://graphonline.top/en/ Have fun drawing your tree and calculating your distances.

All the more reason to take note of the caveat in the thread title. My purpose was to warn others, what they do after that is their affair.

We already have plenty of regulations. They just need to be enforced. Remember the imaginative way Al Capone was finally taken down ? Tax dodging. False Acounting.

Is that poor excuse justification for lack of regulation ?

https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/ced5wvn48q5o This one contains examples where it did work as well as did not work although the amount of backchecking required make the AI not worth it.

First of all, thank you for trying to reply. Unfortunately you may have missed moderator swansont's helpful short post about replying. In line with your love of AI, I have enhanced the important line If you are having trouble with this please ask Otherwise place your quote and then press return a couple of times to leave the quote box and add your own stuff. As you can see there are plenty of folks here with an interest in discussing your ideas . But they will soon give up if you make it too dificult for them. When you have more experience of the fomat here we can help you further with the clever stuff like extracting a bit from a misplaced quote box and putting it in a different sort of quote or picking out quotes from different pages. We all try to help each other here. Really it is the other way round. You will not arrive at a TOE without maths. I see no diagram. You need to post discussion material here. This is a very important part of the rules.

Do you remember the 'Yanks always late sketch " ?

Only a bit ? So compared to us they are pretty sane then. 😁

There is an interesting tale of Kurt Godel's application for US citizenship in Adam Kucharski's 2025 book 'Proof'. When told that the US constitution could/would not allow a mad dictator he apparantly said that he could proove otherwise, noting that he had already shown the Prussian and Napoleonic codes to be logically flawed.

Well Gavin, you discover new things in the most suprising places. It has taken me some while to untangle your underlying thoughts from all the tens of pages of AI responses in your article. Let me just say two things about that. Firstly docx documents are not acceptable on this website. Asking an AI to answer technical 'questions' is fraught with dangers as the AI is worse than unintelligent, so their output is often technically incorrrect or inappropriate. Of course, sometimes it is OK, but the trouble is the user doesn't know when or how to distinguish so can be seriously misled. AI's are presently unreliable and their output is not acceptable here. Having said all that +1 for leading me to learn about 'arche' Thank you. Buried in all that hype you have a germ of a good Idea that I agree with, along with lots of other mathematicians (did you think there is only Physics and Biology ?). Mathematicians have been busy these last few decades reshaping maths to widen ideas rooted on 19th century Physics to acomodate many other disciplines. One example is my thread here on metrics and measurement and another concerns biological applications of this widening. For some a 'TOE' is like a red rag to a bull. In my opinion it is the ultimate exposition of the human desire to classify and categorise, as is the notion of any sort of arche. But your inter-relationships model is being accomodated within the body of current maths at fundamental level. I look forward to your response with interest. On Pluto H2O is a rock which forms molten lava (ie liquid water) through plate tectonics. The NASA film of the last transmissions of the New Horizons fly by is fascinating. Nasa believe that Pluto could be a good candidate for extra terrestrial biogenesis, and NH even discovered complex molecules in its spectral analyses.

Interesting response. +1

Small wonder I've got no idea what you are talking about. I am not a mind reader of short cuts. Please say what you actually mean. This also applies to Science and I have been noticing a resurgance of religion (including creationism) in the younger generations in countries I am familiar with, which excludes Poland but does include many european countries. I wonder if the current lack of clarity and propagaion of woo in Science has anything to do with this.

Well there you are then. Perhaps offer some more realisitic figures next time ?

If the bots want to have a war or love fest (I'm not sure which) hopefully the increased net traffic generates some income to keep this site going.

Fair dinkum +1 I find the bit about joining the dots particularly poignant because that is the exact problem withs et theory that mathematics is still struggling with. I didn't understand a word of that.

The question to be answered is in the title. My suggestion is in the spoiler. the best two words are - Free Alcohol The worst two words are Alcohol Free

Can't find the spoiler any more.

Several members have mentioned 'patterns'. So what are patterns ? What pattern is AI discoverable in the following data 1, 3, 13, 23, 53 ? and is it the same pattern as 53, 23, 13, 3, 1 ?

Thank you so much for this information. I had no idea the life scientists had advanced so far, mathematically, but it makes perfect sense. Mathematicians have been busy expanding the notions of measurements and distance so I am glad to see that bearing fruit in the form of real applications. +1

Newton was a unitarian. which held his progress back in the Cambridge heirarchy (though not in Physics or Maths) as he could not take Holy Orders.

I don't understand why this thread has wandered around so far off topic, whilst introducing many huge topics, each of which should be in a separate thread of its own Further I didn't get much traction when I offerd detailed insights into the original topic. Nevertheless since the OP has now raised the topic of 'what is life' , here are a few thoughts. So, amongst others, Life appears to have some or all of the following characteristics. Ability to absorb 'food' material (including energy) and also to excrete 'waste' material. Ability of cause replication of itself. Ability to grow. Ability to move in some way, in whole or in part. Ability to respond to stimulus. There are others but this will do. It can be said that the dendritic growth of crystal structures exhibits all of these, plus some of the ones I haven't mentioned. Does this make these crystals alive ?

Especially as some of us might wish to dispute some of the statements in your opening post.

Do you ? I hope so. Here is a more detailed explanation of why the bonds are this way. It is to do with the geometry of the different configurations. Note the double bond has a planar structure whilst the triple bond has a linear structure. So there is only room for the lobes of the Pz orbital to stick out top and bottom in the double bond hence only the z Pie orbital (two separated lobes ) is formed. In the triple bond the Pz orbital sticks out top and bottom and the Py orbital sticks out side to side forming the other Pie bond. So that is what I mean when I say theya re equivalent. The article gives specific values for the effects on bond strength. Clicking on one of the pictures will give a bigger version for ease of reading. This response is more like I would expect to see in a discussion. So do you understand why different configurations with different hybridisations are allowable ?