studiot

It is worth pointing out that there is a big difference between the meaning of closed in mathematics and in engineering physics.

You already have a thread about this that you seem to have abandoned ? Don't waste your (and other's ) time on a false concept of 'time'. Time and change are independent variables that are sometimes related, but not always. When they are you can sometimes deduce a subsidiary variable the time time rate of change. But you can also deduce a rate of change with regard to other non time variables. These are basic mathematical definitions and procedures. They are independent because you can have one without the other.

This 1887 presidential address (to the ICE) about renewable electricity might interest by George Barclay Bruce might interest some

Well it is said that everybody in the world is linked to everybody else by no more than 6 links Jordan Ellenberg "Shape"

A pumped storage system has two reservoirs, the ocean could be the second one. Alternatively California already has a dozen desalination plants, so the spent seawater could be desalinated. https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/ocean/desalination/docs/170105_desal_map_existing.pdf

Totally agree. The theory of Erdos-Bacon numbers applies. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd%C5%91s%E2%80%93Bacon_number

I can't see that the writing in school argument ever gained any traction is British schools. From Victorian to modern times, classroom layout in relation to windows took juaat about every configuration imaginable. Many schools were built upon three or four sides of a square principle with a corridor of classrooms along each compass facing. Also schools were built all over the world encompassing many different aspects, sun entry angles, and architectural features such verandahs or shading canopies. Many factories were built with so called north light rooves to provide even non direct sunlight to the machinery inside. This very poor Wikipedia article refers. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_light_(architecture)

First and foremost your comments suggest you don't understand the difference between weight and momentum. Secondly to the west of California there is by far the largest water reservoir in the world, called the Pacific Ocean. There is no requirement for pumped storage to be freshwater. Thirdly energy extraction from flowing water for single properties has been going on since time immemorial. Nor does that energy have to be electrical. In the 15th century the city of Exeter installed a pumped water supply, driven by a water wheel pump.

Start with the molar mass. This is determined by the stoichiometry of chemical reactions. That is it depends completely on chemical composition. A different value for the molar mass may be found when another (usually physical not chemical) method is used to calculate or measure it. This different value is called the abnormal mass. The difference arises because some but not all ( eg colligative properties,) physical effects are due to the number of molecules, not their composition. Changes in composition may arise due to low abnormal molar weight (due to association) or high abnormal mass (due to dissociation). This is a clear explanation with good examples. https://www.chemistrystudent.com/ncert-class-12/1-solutions/abnormal-molar-masses.html

Lifespan would also be an important factor.

Every theory that has ever been has eventually come up against its limits. And every one (from Archimedes on) seems to have a bunch of those hangers on who wish to use those limits to discredit that whole theory,

A few facts and figures for comparison. It is interesting to Google" the world's largest flywheel."

But flywheels don't directly yield electricity. Your pumped storage 75% is presumably electric pump to water storage and back to electricity.

Yes that is what I wanted to discuss. Computer programs are very good at pattern recognition, when asked for a particular configuration to search for. So for instance they are good for fingrrprints, Xray defects etc.

+1 Dinorwig is in Wales, the are are 6 more pumped storage schemes already working or just started in Scotland. Pumped storage has another advantage over a flywheel. - Flywheels run down, the pumped water waits quietly untill you need to use it.

Would AI be any better (more likely) to pick this diagnosis error up considering how rare (less likely) the cancer condition was, since AIs are normally programmed to yield the most likely answer ? Case in point BBC News'Our daughter's cancer symptoms were dismissed because sh...Isla Sneddon died in March 2025 aged 17, just six months after she was diagnosed with cancer.

https://chemistryhelpforum.com/t/useful-latex-code-for-chemistry-equations.147266/ For those who might be interested, here is an interesting thread about LaTex / Mathml and MatthJAX in chemistry. I wonder if there is anything there we could learn for this forum ?

Indeed I agree that Europe does not have a long tern plan, the UK even less so. But I also note that China's economics was not disrupted by the Ukraine war like Europe's has been.

My copy was copyrighted in 2011 (5th printing 2014) but I don't see a second edition as yet, which would include the most recent eruptions, a couple of which have been quite serious.

The position of solar energy in Europe is quite different from that of China. The Uk position is yet different again. Most of China's population lives South of the 35th parallel. Most of Europe's population lives north of the 45th parallel. By comparison New York is about the 40th parallel. As to strategic investment in infrastructure, what does that mean ? China's electricity system is much newer than Europe's as a result of the recent expansion in development that must eventually slow. Also the balance between 'grid' investment (by the generators and distributors) and the user's investment is also different. I don't yet see the word battery being mentioned. I think it is vital not to oversimplify the subject.

Oppenheimer devotes several pages to the 1902 disaster and describes the 'pyroclastic currents' which did all the damage. These were also responsible for the same level of damage in Pompeii, in Roman times.

I have two copies of Holmes classic. The first written I think written prewar which does not mention plate tectonics (though it did speculatte about continental drift) but it has so much useful information that is still correct that I keep it The second from the late 60s when Holmes had becme a convert and rewritten many things, including adding early tectoniic material. A really good modern book by Clive Oppenheimer from Cambridge University Press provides probably the most comprehensive history of eruptions on Earth.

I take my hat off to this post and your subsequent persistence. +1

Yes I agree there are different view aqbout whqt iw scinece and what is not and this applies to other disciplines as well as maths. As regards 'flat earth' , like so many things in nature, the issue is neither hard and fast nor clear cut. As a rule of thumb in surveying and cartography th flat earth model is adopted for patches of the earth of less than 10km radius. It would also seem that the OP has lost interest.

Firstly I don't understand why you have this in Politics. Are you talking about the scientific method or the relationship between science and politics or what. Please also clarify who the 'known' people are abd what their input to science might be. If you are actuqlly talking about science leaders, then I can't see how you could consider this to be true. Almost every province of science that I can think of is currently developing at pace, and each province boasts competing hypotheses in frontier areas. Only the most non controvertial such as well established bodies of facts such as the structure of the alkanes or the way arithmetic works. Further back in history over the last few hundred years there have been significant arguments over the substance of science, some furious, some even leading to torture or death. However the further you go back the more a complicating factor intervenes. That factor is communication.. Thousands of years ago it took a long time for new discoveries to reach remote lands. For instance the spread of the modern numbering system from india, to europe. Besides the distance separation there was also the fact that many workers worked on their own. The huge collaborative projects are a modern development. But even then 'gurus' sometimes held sway, even when they were wrong.