Modern and Theoretical Physics

I read Brian Greene's book, The Elegant Universe. It said that in String Theory there were 10 dimensions, and in M-Theory there were 11. How can you explain that. I understand almost up to dimension six. And how would you draw or think about a 11 dimensional universe? Thanks, Joshua

I was reading the spacetime article on Wikipedia and saw this amazing illustration, more like a graph: We live in a tri-dimensional world, governed by an uni-directional time axis: past-present-future. According to this, time travel will imply two time dimensions which will lead to chaos, because it is unpredictable, as the photo says. Now, if we think about a tri-dimensional time, this will mean that we can perceive world the same way we interpret a tri-dimensional Cartesian system (x, y, z coordinates). Thus, any point on this graph can't certainly lead to the absolute next one (just as in one-dimension time), so present doesn't interfere with future nor with past. …

Take a look at this experiment: What's making the crookes radiometer wheel turn? Its behind a piece of glass. There's no way atoms could be bouncing off of the pads inside of the glass to turn the wheel. And its not getting his by visual light photon from the gun? Also, I've been hearing some strange rumors that a certain group of unethical engineers have been going around to different companies and secretly installing electron gun from out of old CRT monitors behind walls as a form of harassment device. I realize CRT normally have lead glass to shield out the harmful effects of xrays, etc... but what if they cracked it open and made a new t…

So, I studied biology...not physics. I did my homework on relativistic and quantum physics, but I don't consider myself an expert on high energy physics and cosmology. I'm writing a novel, and one of my characters is a physics student. I'd like to confirm that what he says is accurate under the consensus of modern understanding. One of the statements that my character makes is: "Matter and energy are the same thing, they are merely in different states of motion." I feel confident that my character is making an accurate statement given current understanding. I understand that--without drowning someone in a lagoon of mathematics--in the context of relativi…

Here is my question : could we make a crystal with an specific atom that have different quantum states and a particular structure, so it hosts a cellular automaton (like a 3D Conway's game of life) ? Close states would react one to others, because of the specific properties of the crystal. Since cellular automaton can carry any algorithm, we could use this crystal as a computer. Is it possible ?

Physics Beyond the Standard Model? The discovery of the Higgs Boson in July 2012 by the Large Hadron Collider team, was a triumph for particle physicists. However could there be a downside to this discovery? Is there a need for any physics beyond the Standard Model? Does the Standard Model not successfully explains the data?. Why generate extremely far out difficult to comprehend theories, based on particles and extra dimensions that might not exist, and so far have never being detected, when a far simpler theory might suffice? Occam s Razor should it apply in this case? Super- symmetry and String Theory , has there there any good scientific evidence to ac…

Coriolis and centrifugal forces are pseudo forces induced by a rotating mass. When combined within that rotating mass they form a gravitational force structure representing direction, pathway(shape), and magnitude. Coriolis creates a spiral loop where force is twisting from both poles towards the center where they mediate,(flatten), and spiral outwards towards the equator,(centrifugal), where they separate and spiral on the surface back towards each pole continuing the cycle. This full cycle is the gravitational force structure. Can all other atmospheric variables and electromagnetism be added to this force structure to more accurately predict weather? Coriolis forc…

What exactly about electricity or the energy that moves electrons heats up the material the electricity is flowing through? How do I control how hot or cold something is from the electrical flow?

This question probably pretty simple to most of you . By using a voltage inthe millions and amperage of in the hundreds of thousands like our friends at Z pinch are currently using . or as is found in lightning would it be possible to start a nuclear fusion ? us the lightning . to turn a fuel like helium three or lithium six or a heavy hydrogen into a plasma while to same time compress it on the outside a rate of 220,000 the second to a pressure of 2 million psi would be capable of initiating a nuclear fusion reaction ? thank you Pix

In the common representation, the mathematical structure of general relativity builds upon vectors. Specifically, Riemann geometry incorporates the notion of tangent vectors. (See "vector space".) The four-velocity generalizes three dimensional velocity, v to include time: [math]V = (\gamma c, \gamma v)[/math] To be useful in curved spacetime, we need basis vectors. Velocity is represented as a contravariant vector with the basis normalized to distance. It has dimensions of frequency[1/T] D: distance T: time The covariant velocity has dimensions of [D^2/T]. (I'd put it all in LaTex, but the parser on this forum seems to be broken.) Is anyo…

How exactly does the coulomb barrier for nuclear fusion change with different generations of particles such as muon and tauon catalyzation as well as hydrogen not having any electrons around the nucleus at all? I coudln't really find an organized collection of information like that anywhere. The coulomb barrier is much lower with individual protons themselves vs having muon catalyzed hydrogen atoms right? Or at least, it takes less energy for individual photons to fuse that muon catalyzed ones. I guess I'm also not really thinking about how the increase in energy would increase the radius of the protons. Would it technically be easier for individual protons to tunnel int…

What is Ostrogradski instability? In formulating a Lagrangian of gravity, I have many terms to choose from. In a highly schematic notation the usual form of a Lagrangian might be, [math]{D_{*}}^{2} X\times D^2 X + \frac{1}{2}( X \times D^3 X)[/math]. D respresents derivatives of spacetime displacements, and the X are spacetime coordinates. Alpha is a scalar constant to be determined. But there are an infinitude of higher order derivatives to choose from. There are products of these terms that are perfectly happy to sit within a Lagrangian with consistent dimension. It would be nice to know if Ostrogradski instability precludes these terms.

My question is that of the title (among others..). Yes, I know you have to have matter to have the effects of matter, but what are some theoretical ways that you can create the same effects without the matter? Other questions, which I find conflicting material on but wish to know the correct answer. 1. Matter v. Anti-mater --- They repel each other? Or they are in a way like photons v. photons and do not interact with each other, except in extreme circumstances. 2. Space --- Space and Space-Time (or just time if you prefer) are undoubtably linked. Matter creates warps in them both. Enough matter can create warps so strong that space and space-time …

The usual defintion of matter and antimatter is as follows: matter - quarks (protons, etc.), antimatter - antiquarks (anti-protons, etc.) matter - leptons (electrons, etc.), antimatter (positrons, etc.) Question: Are these definitions necessarily coupled? In other words, could electrons be called antimatter and positrons matter, while leaving the the definitions for protons,etc. as is?

Hi, I am somewhat unsure how to speculate about, time flow happened in the possibly infinite gravity at the moment big bang singularity I admit that we don't really know if gravity existed at the moment before the big bang singularity. But if we go to another similar phenomenon of the universe, namely a black hole, we are told that gravity increases in its proximity, toward infinity,causing time to halt in relation or relative to the outside universe. The big bang is very similar, in some ways to a black hole and some physicists theorize, that the big bang, is the expression of the energy from a black hole of another universe, venting and creating our particular…

Any solid existing in the universe possesses melting point. But practically, only pure solids can achieve its molten state. I'll tell you why. Firstly, let us take an example of Iron rod. Consider a pure iron(or cast iron) rod. It will surely melt. This is because, the Iron molecules are confined intact with each other with a metallic bond. This metallic bond, in solids, is same as inter-molecular force of attraction. hence the temperature required to to break the metallic bond to melt it is same as the temperature required to break the inter-molecular force of attraction. Hence, the bond and the space molecules are broken at the same time. Let us take another exa…

I want to accurately model and represent radioactive decay in the most abstract way possible. Imagine first a completely innocuous ability to index each atom of a rock of uranium ore. We place it into a conceptual black box which functions as a perfectly benign mobile automatic lab. As an atom decays the box detects the decay the local of its origin, and displays that information. From outside the box, the decay appears random to us, but using the Law of Large Numbers we can guarantee the decay rate will follow the continuous variable as defined by an exponential decay curve described in the Universal Law of Radioactive Decay. Using this information we are guar…

Heisenberg’s phantasmagoric scientific method is not satisfactory so that to justify why two neutrons do not form a dineutron. Let’s us remember it in short words: a) Two neutrons have a force of attraction due to the strong nuclear force b) There is not any force of repulsion between two neutrons c) So, two neutrons would have to form the dineutron, because by considering the Classical Nuclear Physics there is not any force of repulsion capable to win the strong nuclear force of attraction between two neutrons. d) Heisenberg proposed the concept of Isospin, so that to justify why the dineutron does not exist. However only a physical force of repulsion would be able t…

Dr. John Arrington is a reseacher physicist of the Argonne National Laboratory. I had many discussions with Dr. Arrington in the blog Journal of Nuclear Physics, by Andrea Rossi. In the Rossi's blog, Dr. Arrington uses the fake name JR. In our discussion, I defend the viewpoint that current nuclear models are wrong, while Dr. Arrington tries to show that there is nothing wrong with the nuclear models. My last question do Dr. Arrington was the following: Dear Mr. JR Concerning the z-axis within the nuclei, it is written in the page 133 of my book Quantum Ring Theory, published in 2006: —————————————————- 1. The distribution about the z-axis is a nuc…

Introduction The “Black Hole Wars” was a series of debates, over many years, that involved prominent physicists and concerned the nature of reality under conditions where local gravity is strong enough to affect local Quantum Mechanics (QM). The conclusion of these debates was to embraced Black Hole Complementarity (BHC) and popularized the Holographic Principle (HP). On further examination, however, it seems to have put Quantum Information Theory (QIT) itself into mortal peril. Glossary of terms ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Gödel's Incompleteness Theorems ---------------------------- Two theorems that esta…

I suppose I should introduce this first. Essentially I am writing a science-fiction story and want it to be quite heavily based on fact. It is set in human timeline in the future. However, one question I need to know, how feasible is methane propulsion for spacecraft? I read a brief article about recycling oxygen for use of breathing, but it did not explain if this was possible on a large scale. The idea is this: Water is electrolysed and the oxygen injected into the air for passengers to breathe, while the hydrogen is combined with the carbon dioxide to form methane and water. The water can be re-used in further electrolysis, while the methane potentially use…

It was observed that the velocities of stars did not decrease as you move away from a galaxies center and that the luminous mass did not create enough gravity. Originally this effect was written off as the galaxy absorbs light and planets and asteroids which do not create light would account for the missing mass. It turns out they do not and the missing mass problem became known as dark matter. The theory that some matter only interacts gravitationally and has helped form and shape galaxies. I have a few questions: Does an object which spins gain mass due to kinetic energy? Can relativistic mass cause gravity? I was thinking of this problem and wondered…

In Quantum Ring Theory it is proposed that the space is filled by the aether, which structure is composed by a particle and an antiparticle. The photon proposed in QRT is formed by the agglutination of both them, and they move with a helical trajectory (zitterbewegung). So, the particle and antiparticle are a fermion and an antifermion. In the paper A Model of the Photon , which starts in the page 20 of the book, it is shown that from the structure of the photon composed by a particle and its antiparticle we get the Maxwell equations. According to this theory, the size of a photon depends on the quantity of fermions and anti fermions agglutinated in its body. A…

I was reading an article about anti-matter and I understand how it works and the difficulties in containing it. But the article also said it cost around 65 trillion dollars per gram. Why is this? I can see the machines costing that much but after you have it why is each gram so much? Does it cost 65 trillion in electricity? Thanks.

Would it be possible for a sphere of ferrous liquid to be wrapped in wire mich like an electromagnet? Would that not cause motions and density waves that would create outward forces? Im EM Illiterate...