studiot

Here is another twist to through into the data/information/entropy mix. Anyons. These are currently subject to intense study as candidates for memory.storage in quantum computers. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyon The existence of quasiparticles called anyons was confirmed in 2020.

I am not sure. For instance when decrypting an encrypted message or expanding some compressed file, does that affect the situation? Thanks for the reply. I don't see that subsequent decrypting or expansion is relevant. Here is an example of what I mean. A list of books on the top shelf of my bookcase is information. However such as list may or may not actually be drawn up or exist. Yet the information exists and is still available and could be obtained by looking along the shelf. Even if the list is drawn up, say by taking photographs, it may never actually be read. So neither the drawing up of the information nor the subsequent processing (reading) is necessary to the existence of the information itself. The information exists, because the shelf of books exists.

Neutrons also obey Pauli, as do some other fermions. https://byjus.com/jee/pauli-exclusion-principle/ That's exactly what it doesn't mean. Place two clocks at each location. Now reset one clock from each location to zero together. After some period of time is the reading difference on the faster clock exactly 20 times the reading difference on the slower clock ? Hint it cannot be.

joigus actually said colour charges not changes. Here is a short extract from nobel physicist Frank Wilczek recent book, Fundamentals, ten key to reality.

Interesting idea +1 But why stop at government buyout ? Other bodies can also be involved, and are in the UK. On the other hand in the UK, there has been a debate for a couple of decades now about the folly of the authorities, not just permitting, but actively encouraging development on flood plains. I was told today that the storm surge up the river Medway reached 1.7 metres above the predicted storm surge, causing substantial damage and flooding in North Kent. This would not have happened if the Thames Barrier has not been closed, so surge water that would normally have reached far up the Thames was prevented fro doing so and flooded the Medway area instead. On the other hand, the Dutch authorities seem to manage things pretty well. Finally, have your read the book The Attacking Ocean, by Professor Brian Fagan, on the historic follies of trying to hold back the floods ?

@joigus and @Ghideon Thank you for your further thoughts. I'm not sure about the role of storing the information or what difference it makes. Surely the situation simply depends upon whether such information is available or not in the system, rather than whether it is strored or retrieved somewhere ? Here is one of mine. Here are three pin jointed frames with symmetric loads, L, mounted on a foundation AB. 1) Has insufficient information to determine the forces in the frame. 2) Has exactly the right amount of information to determine the forces in the frame. 3) Has too much information to determine the forces in the frame. As far as I can tell, there is zero thermodynamic energy associated with state change here, yet it is interesting so note effects of both too much and too little inforamation.

A small point, but the Ultra Short waveband is far to low in frequency or long in wavelength. This site has a more comprehsive list than yours , but uses frequency not wavelength to distinguish. https://terasense.com/terahertz-technology/radio-frequency-bands/

Thank you for your thoughts. I am going to say +1. Not because I think you are right, but because you are trying so very hard and holding what I consider to be a proper discussion. OK where am I going ? Consider this: Let us consider time t' inside the spaceship and t outside. Now let us consider when t is zero. Why should t' be also zero ? Zero is after all an arbitrary point in time t when we start the timing clock. For instance t must have been running long before our thought experiment say 10,000 hours, perhaps forever. So when we reset the t clock to zero when t reads 10,000, What does the t' clock read ? If both clocks were running at the same rate then the t' clock reads (t + h) hours where h is a constant difference btween them. What now happens if you also apply the condition that t'/t = 20 , because the factor of 20 cannot be applied to the starting difference, h.

Let us stop right there, because there is your problem in a nutshell. Why is it 20 times ? Why not 20.000000001 or 19.99999999999 ? How does any observer determine when it is 20 times ?, because according to your hypothersis, this factor is continually changing.

I know what you are trying to say, my problem is that that which you are trying to say is either self contradictory or contains a hidden 'universal time'. Hiding it in bad mathematics does not make any difference. "One hour inside the box runs out in 30 minutes in the perspective of outside observer, so the time rate is 2 times faster" One hour according to whom ? if you say one hour in the box is equivalent to 1/2 hour outside, or the other way round, that is a transformation not a proportion from one point of view to another. If you say that some observer, who is neither in the box or in the surrounding space finds that he observes one of his hours to last one hour inside the box and 1/2 hour in the surrounding space you have 3 observers not 2. This introduction of an underlying 'absolute time or absolute space is a basic misconception about relativity that founders many an attempt to describe it.

Every scientific discipline has its own reference standards. From your background picture, can I assume you are looking for chemical reference standards ? If so I suggest you ask a moderator to move this from 'other sciences' to chemistry. Please also provide more information as even within the one discipline of chemistry the field of standards is very wide indeed.

I agree that indiscriminate use of the word 'chamber' can lead to false impression. However how big is a chamber ? For instance how big is a vacuole in an amoeba? Is that not. technically a chamber ? And are we not a technical site here ?

Changes with respect to what ? The problem as I see it is that you are offering a rate of change with respect to itself, which is meaningless. using dt'/dt means the change of t' with respect to t. How can this be proportional or anything else ? That is stating a functional relationship which require a common standard to compare by. The simple relationship "distance is proportional to time" has two variables. You only have one.

Well Captain Black chose the lengths that were given as the same to build his replica triangle on. So have you tried doing that with your two equal lengths ?

Well spotted +1

Yes there are plenty of youtube vids of this phenomenon about. Alternatively here is a pdf of an MIT thesis on the mathematics of the phenomenon, plus a full modern laboratory investigation Note the glass deflects, just as I said. https://www.demetraskl.com/pdf/final.pdf I don't seem to have a reply to my comment on Hess's law yet.

Good point Another good point , 'Erasure' is not a feature of thermodymic systems, that I am aware of. Most especially isolated ones since erasure can surely only be effected by an external agent, which by definition in an isolated system does not exist. Your whole post represents some great new thinking, I have just picked out a couple of points to add +1 to. +1 also to Ghideon for his thoughts and colour scheme diagrams.

You have to use a formula that connects angles and lengths. Isoceles/equilateral triangles are the only ones that do this.

Only by direct measurement with a protractor or other measuring equipment.

When I said this I did not construct auxiliary triangles. I did try dropping perpendiculars from T, etc, but very quickly came to the conclusion that this would work but actually involve more work as you do not know the actual length of ST and DV. Therfore this length must cancel out and there are no geometrical theorems where this happens so trigonometric formulae must be involved for calculation. However since the actual length if ST does not matter, the result must be true for any length of ST < SV. So I just chose 3 quite different lengths and drew the figure based on these three quick sketches. Then I measured X in each case and confirmed that it was the same angle.

The glass bowl is not truly rigid. In fact there are no waves in a truly rigid object. The glass bowl is a 3 dimensional version of the two dimensional tuning fork. Yes, I agree that it is even more complicated than I made out since there are actually 2 fluid phases in the glass. That is a very good point. Yes you can excite the air a glass or bottle by the same mechanism that produces the ocean waves - variation in the passage of air across the inteface with the liquid leading to pressure variations that can allow the original lifting of bpdy of water above the equilibrium line.

So SB = SC and KC = KS But how does that help you ? And why have you relabelled your diagram ? Perhaps @Genady will help you. Have you tried doing what I suggested ? It is a nice little problem.

Whilst there are a lot of good points in this and your other recent posts around it, This first sentence is exactly what is isn't. That string is by definition fixed at the ends and so can only excited in between the ends. The glass walls are not fixed but provided the excitment at the extremes. It is also worth realising that there are two orthogonal forces acting - gravity and surface tension - so they can't directly influence each other

I'm sorry to tell you that this is meaningless. You are confusing functional dependence with transformational equivalence.

You are correct that the encoding is 0 for No and 1 for Yes. So the coding therefore depends upon both the order of the questions and the questions themselves, and not the position of the square. So yes the shorter string "11" would identify square 1A. Since @joigus has also observed that the question "Is the coin in square 1A ?" would lead to an even shorter string "1" identifying this square it leads nicely to some further comments. 1) However if the answer was No then there would remain 15 other possible places. So each answer partitions the set into two subsets squares for which the question holds true and squares for which the question is false. 1) I have already observed the set of questions to elicit the identifying code may vary in number. 2) Therefore there exists a minumum set which will identify any given square. 3) The minimum question set that will identify any square is a binay search. This discards half the squares (8) ; Then Half the remaining (4) ; Then again half the remianing (2) ; and finally half the remaining to end with one square. This takes 4 steps and is called a binary search. However this minimum set is not unique and also since the order is important the output string will not be unique either. Such a set might be, and searching for square D4, 1) Is the coin in the upper half ? : No 2) Is the coin in the left hand half of the remainder ? : No 3) Is the coin in the top half of the remainder ? : No 4) Is the coin in the right hand half of the remainder ? : Yes leading to the string "0001" Swapping questions (2) and (4) would lead to the string "0100" Two further comments Firstly about joigus' question what happens if there is only one cell. The actually you would not need to perform any compution since the coin cannot be anywhere else. This brings out the observation I often make about probabilities viz the probabilities 0 and 1 have different properties from any other value inbetween. Secondly since all the information is contained in the questions and answers, the configuration of 'the board' is irrelevant. The cells may be arranged in a line or a ring or scattered.