Inorganic Chemistry

Hello, I'm researching into the 2019 Nobel Prize for chemistry, and therefore lithium ion batteries. Wittingham's battery was a lithium anode, a titanium disulfide cathode and a lithium perchlorate in dioxolane electrolyte. I have always thought that batteries rely on a displacement reaction split into two halves. However in animations that I have seen show the electrons at the cathode being picked up by the very lithium ions that released them and that have just moved from the anode to the cathode. This doesn't make sense to me as if the lithium is picking up the electrons it just gave away what was the cause for this reaction to take place? I would have …

I want to make some aluminum powder to use in thermite, I've seen people in youtube making it from powdered aluminum foil. I was wondering if i can make aluminum powder by grinding aluminum beams from windows/doors or aluminum cans using angle grinder (disc cutter). . I heard that if you mix the aluminum powder with a little charcoal it will keep it from oxydising? I Can i remove the O from the aluminum with some chemical?s aluminum oxide combined with iron oxide reactive thermite?

Since I've had worries after thinking at the following, I make it public. Three uneasy processes are known to separate Hf from Zr according to Wiki, for instance the fractional distillation of HfCl4 and ZrCl4. In addition, I propose to separate gaseous HfCl4 from ZrCl4 by centrifugation. ZrCl4 sublimates at 331°C=604K where HfCl4 has 1.7atm vapour pressure. RT=5022J/mol there. A lower pressure improves a bit. A tube of 2000MPa Maraging steel can rotate at 416m/s with 20% margin. Ti-Al6V4 and AA7075 would be good enough too, and graphite fibres much better. Neglecting the isotopes, HfCl4 weighs 87g per mole more than ZrCl4: that's 29* easier than uranium enrichment. Th…

Hello everybody! The chemical separation of rare earth metals is difficult and costs more than the extraction of the ore. So could distillation separate rare earth metals? (Of course I didn't check if it's already done). Most 1kPa boiling points spread nicely. Exceptions are 66K for Tb/Pr (or 2.6%, comparable with 100°C and 110°C), 18K for Ce/La, 2K for Pr/Gd. For those pairs, the 1atm boiling points or the melting points spread, so a later step might separate them, distillation at a different pressure or a chemical process. 1kPa 1atm mp Element K K K ============================================== 1047 1465 1097…

Hello everybody! Pure silver is too soft and often alloyed to make objects. For instance sterling silver often contains 92.5% Ag, plus Cu, possibly Ni and others. Recycling may need to separate Ag from cheaper alloy elements. I propose to distill Ag away from Cu, Ni and others. The 1atm boiling points spread nicely: Ag 2162°C – Cu 2927°C – Ni 2913°C Reduced pressure would make at least the temperature compatible with ceramics like MgO, ZrO2 and maybe Al2O3. Distillation would take far less energy than electrorefining. One step, without a distillation tower, seems to suffice. Marc Schaefer, aka Enthalpy

It has been discovered that there is water ice in the perpetually shaded craters on the Moon and on Mars. I have always understood the freeze-drying process to be an acceleration of the sublimation process of water when frozen and subjected to a vacuum. Therefore, I do not understand how there could be water ice on either the Moon or Mars. Why has not the ice on the Moon (and Mars, et. al.)sublimated and dissipated into space especially inasmuch as it has no atmosphere? The only reason I can think of for that not to happen is that there has to be some involvement with oxygen for sublimation to take place. An explanation, especially accompanied by a chemical form…

As a freshman college student in gen chem, we talk have talked about dipoles as more of a qualitative characteristic while the text book alludes to the idea that dipole moments have quantitative values. My quesiton is, what is the mathematical process to achieve such answers, for example: CH3Cl (chloroform?) has a dipole moment equal to 1.92 debeyes ah maybe it has to do with the sums of the vectors created from difference of electronegativity?

Hi, I am a student in high school, wanting to study Chemistry at university. I am doing a challenge to read into a new chemical topic every week. I have here an Atkins Physical Chemistry textbook and would love it for whoever is reading to give me a random number between 10 and 850, this will be a page number and I will research that topic for that week. This forum will be an account of my progress and a place to get help on the topic. Thanks

Hello all, I have been working on an assignment based on the electrolysis of salt water using steel electrodes, and I have hit a research block. I am finding it hard to find out what happens to the steel electrodes during the reaction. I know that a small portion of the water separates into H2 and 2OH- at the cathode, that the chlorine ions turn into a gas at the anode, and that some sodium hydroxide is produced (please correct me if any of this is wrong or if I have missed anything), but I am not sure what happens to the steel. I’m assuming that it dissolves from the anode and gets deposited on the cathode as rust, but I can’t find any research to support this (or r…

Hi,I am not sure if this is in the correct forum,I am not much of a science person but it has always intrigued me.I know you can split the bonds of H20 through electrolysis.I heard of another process which involves intense pressure and heat to break the bonds between the H20.I am not sure if this is possible but if it is,how much pressure and heat are we talking about that will break the bonds?Thanks in advance!

Postassium hydroxide and ether exstrat with coffee filter what is in filter and what is under

This is not am homework problem, just an personal question. So, my book introduces Thermochemistry with the concept of heat and how a calorimeter works. After that, it explains the story behind Hess Law and says that one of the reasons it was created is because a calorimeter can't calculate fast chemical reactions, but it doesn't really say the problem with it. I am supposing the heat is not enough to evaporate the water in the calorimeter and the chamber where the reactions happens is centralized in the calorimeter. Maybe there is something to do with some heat leaving the calorimeter. Why can't it calculate fast chemical reactions? Won't the water in the calorimeter hea…

This is the "Cubic Fullerite C24" made from "Cubes" and "Fullerenes C24" which have the shape of "Truncated Octahedrons" !!!... Could "Theoretically" exist a solid "Fullerite C24" with only Space Filling "Truncated Octahedrons" ???... Why NOT ???...

I'm new to these forums, but I'm hoping I might be able to get some help with a problem I'm having. I'm working on a project that will (hopefully) produce a continuous stream of bromine via electrolysis of anhydrous hydrogen bromide gas. The actual process of doing the electrolysis is not overly difficult, but I'm trying to come up with a good way to quantify the amount of bromine that is produced so that we can determine the Faradaic efficiency of the reaction. In looking through the literature, it seems that I could try and do some kind of colorimetric measurement or bubble the product stream through an organic solvent, but in each case I'm concerned that the amount of …

Hi, everyone, new to this forum. First I should indicate that I am no scientist nor do some work related to science. I just have great interest in science. And recently, I have a question, how to detect how much pesticide residue is remained in our food,, like banana, and how can we remove the residue? Thanks!

Hi everyone. Sorry for the rather grim question, but I'm trying to make sense of a murder case that happened recently in my country and I have very little trust in the authorities or the media at this point. Is it possible to burn a human body(15yearld, aprox 110 pounds)), using an aprox 1 meter(40 inches) cylindrical, improvised heater(opened at both ends), using Vaseline and bitumen cardboard? The heater was supposedly placed on some kind of grill. And if so, how long would it take? How messy would it be? How bad would it smell? After 18 hours or less( the girl called the emergency line 3 times and it took the police 16 hours to find her and another 3 to brake in beca…

This may connect with Uber-Dan's question . Is there a lower limit in very dilute electrolyte ? Sewage treatment by .25 Kwh removes .06g /litre Nitrogen in 1000 litres. If water has .0004 g /l. is it too dilute to efficiently drop the level to .0002 g/ l. Nitrogen? It's not home-work I'm 71 and 5 months.

Hello all, I’m not sure whether to put this in the physics or chemistry section, so here goes. I have been conducting an experiment consisting of running 6 volts of electricity through an electrolytic cell made up of two steel electrodes submerged in salt water, and then measuring the amperage generated. I would then change the concentration of salt in the solution and test it again. So the first test was with 0.5g/100ml, then 1g/100ml etc. My question resolves interpretating the results. The averages of the results were as follows: 0.5g/100ml = 0.147A : Uncertainty % = 3.409% 1g/100ml = 0.237A : Uncertainty % = 4.225% 1.5g/100ml = 0.290A : Uncertaint…

Hello! I want to ask how much oleum (20% SO3) and water should be mixed to make concentrated H2SO4? Thanks!

hi , i want to build an expression that describe the heat flux of exothermic reaction on a surface with initial temperature Ti (final temperature is Tf) A+B--> C Delta H = -H reaction rate: dc/dt=k[c] how do i do that?

I watched a Youtube video by NileRed earlier this week about extracting bismuth metal from Pepto Bismol. I thought this was pretty cool and would like to try it for myself. Have any of you guys tried this, and if so can you share your results?

In this work, fluorescein was incorporated with an equal molar of 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene and double potassium carbonate (molar ratio), the solvent of this reaction is dimethylacetamide (50 ml for 5 g of fluorescein). The solution was stirred in at 110 °C for 24 h, after that cooled to the room temperature and precipitated in cold water, but a solid, similar to potassium carbonate, remains at the bottom of the reaction vessel, and the efficiency is very low (25%). I don't know the cause of this problem. This is the structure that I expected for first stage: In the next step the solid that was obtained from the previous stage, incorporated with 10…

How do I precipitate Silicon / Silica from a sodium metasilicate solution? I have tried neutralising with 2M HCl but nothing precipitates out. Is there some sort of trick that I'm missing? Cheers, Adam

Create Smoke Bomb using KNO3 as oxidizer and sugar as fuel, even after adding certain food color for producing colored smoke it's not working.What's the best dye or pigment to produce any color like red,green,blue

I am trying to precipitate Silicon / Silica from an acidic solution at ambient temperature, but I'm having no luck. The Si in solution was first extracted from a solid amorphous silica sample using a 0.2M NaOH solution (1:400 soil / solution ratio) at 85 degrees Celsius to give a Si solution concentration of 760 - 900 mg Si/L (27 - 32 mM). I then took a 75mL aliquot (of the cooled solution) and whilst the sample was being agitated I acidified it (by titration) using approximately 20mL of 2M HCl to give a resulting pH of around 1.1. Given the Si concentration appears to exceed the solubility of amorphous Si I was expecting it to precipitate into a white solid, but after 3 …