Microbiology and Immunology

Hi everyone. So my last post on here was about exchanging CD3 molecules from delta T-cells to alpha. Clearly this is really stupid since all T-cells have CD3 and then they also have CD4 and CD8(correct me if Im wrong). So more or less I want to first apologize for that. The reason im posting is a new idea. I was wondering if one can manufacture an antigen to bind to an antibody, but on the other side of the antigen(the side not attached to the antibody) have a second epitope for other antigens to bind. This way we can manually select T-cells and B-cells to code for what we want. This specifically would be for HIV. Thanks for replies

hi, pls i am new here . . pls i have this seminar topic to present in less than 2 weeks "A Virus Walks into a bar" i need your positive feedback on how to go about it, i am currently confused and can't think any longer. . all inputs would be greatly appreciated! Rejecting the topic is not an option, the only option is waiting for a year, if another topic is to be given. Thanks

Hi. Sorry if posted at a wrong place. It is my habit to keep a large cheese in the refrigerator and a portion to be consumed during a ~week outside the refrigerator under a glass bell. It is just the way I want it. On hotter season, some mold forms before the ambient kept cheese is consumed. (Yes, I could make smaller portions) I have tried baking soda; vinegar; lemon juice; in an open small container next to the cheese under the bell. Sometimes extends the cheese life, sometimes does not Any suggestion for other items to try with fumes/aromas that will somewhat deter/delay the mold from forming ?

So, I carried out an experiment to test the antimicrobial properties of 3 commercial hand wash solutions which claim to be antibacterial. It was a basic experiment for class, and was more about designing/planning the experiment rather than the actual data. However, I have to explain why each was more/less effective and I could do with a little help Brief overview of the experiment: Assay discs were submerged in Asda Essential Care Antibacterial Hand Soap(Store-brand cheap stuff), Carex Antibacterial Hand Wash and Palmolive Antibacterial Hand Soap, mixed with water to concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The discs were placed on lawns of Bacillus megaterium a…

Hi people, You know how people advise to cook eggs well to "destroy" salmonella?? Well, I need to learn how Sal gets in an egg in the first place. Im guessing (UN- educated guess) that an egg when formed in the uterus is in a sterile environment (or is it the outside shell that contaminates the innards whilst cracking the egg), much like urine formed in the bladder collected from ureters is sterile. Comments/advise appreciated!!!

Hi, I would like to have some advise on how to approach this essay question about immunology. Discuss the effector functions of antibodies?

Hi I am a MSc student of control engineering at Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence-School of Electrical and Computer Engineering. I'm working on the modeling and simulation of brain lesion dynamics in multiple sclerosis as my final thesis.I'm trying to get familiar with medical texts, so please forgive me for my probable mistakes in asking my questions. Here i am asking about the binding of the cytokines to their receptors on the cell surface. I've faced with texts like for example interleukin-12 binds to its receptor on T cells and initiates a change in the cell performance. I want to know that : Is there a unique IL-12 receptor ( i mean on…

hey everyone, i have two question and hope i will found the answers here 1. why are primed T cells restricted to be activated by peptides presented by the same MHC that was "used" to prime them? 2. Can we "train" a naive T cell to "see" a peptide presented by an allogeneic MHC and if yes How would you do the experiment to prove the hypothesis? hope to recieve answers soon. thanx you all

Hi, This is my first post. I have practically no background in bio but I am very interested in pursuing it as a major-- i'm only in high school. I am very interested and curious about immunology. heres my question: I got this from wikipedia.... Since CD4 receptor binding is the most obvious step in HIV infection, gp120 was among the first targets of HIV vaccine research. Efforts to develop HIV vaccines targeting gp120, however, have been hampered by the chemical and structural properties of gp120, which make it difficult for antibodies to bind to it. gp120 can also easily be shed from the surface of the virus and captured by T cells due to its loose binding with gp41. …

I'm confused about the late phase of the asthma response in which eosinophils are involved. My understanding is that eosinophils infiltrate the airways from the surrounding capillaries, causing inflammation. In time, epithelial cells are damaged and become hardened due to repetitive remodelling. To do this, they must first cross the endothelial cells that make up the capillaries via the adhesion cascade using various selectins (such as P-selectin on an endothelial cell), and integrins (such as VLA-4). But then how do they cross the epithelial cells to get inside the airways? Is there a similar adhesion cascade?

Hi, I'm studying monocyte-derived DC populations that stimulate Th1, Th2 and Th17 T cell differentiation, but I cant seem to find literature about the expression of the chemokine receptor CCR7 in these DC populations. i'm not sure if it is just generally expressed by mature DCs. Does anyone known when CCR7 is expressed?

the majorty of B cell decreases the blood sugar and secretes insulin needed for your liver etc aka the glycogen etc.. when these cells depress the diabetic symptoms occur.its the glucose that makes the is what makes the secretion of insulin.. beta cells arrive in order to change/convert glucose so its mostly the glucose thats important for the stimulation of glucose. the injections you get are used to stimulate the b cell building a film around the other cells but these cells have whats called a golgi transport and with the right medical science you can stimulate B reproduction because the cells actually MORPH to become B cells. inside the nucleus of the cell within the c…

Hello , i was wondering if anybody knows where i could get hold of some Micro-Organism (Please don't suggest all around me) I mean like uncontaminated specimens. I want to know a place on the net which sells them.

intended learning outcomes ... algae as human food or food supplements.. and algae is animal food and have medical uses .it's lipids from microalgae .. diatomaceous earth. it's has commercial application of algal hudrocolloids.. algae amd agriculture Nitrogen fixation microalgal soil comditioers PGR from algae the role of microalgae in liquid waste treatment and reclamation and now let's see these poitns Algae as human food or food suplements 1.microlage are rich in protein and contains more than adequare amounts of L-amino acids 2.algae contain polyunsartuted fatty acides which are essential for human nutrition 3.higher plant foods are usually very …

Hi: My favorite bacteria are: 1. Not gram-negative 2. Free of lipopolysaccharide 3. Non-pathogenic 4. Non-toxic 5. Non-allergenic In terms of respiration, they are any one of the following: 1. Facultative-anaerobes [can use oxygen but don't need it] 2. Obligate anaerobes [can only survive in total or near-total absence of oxygen] 3. Aerotolerant-anaerobes [can survive in oxygen but don't use it for respiration or otherwise require it]. Let’s say the following hypothetical scenario occurs: A sample of fresh, raw, annatto-free, preservative-free, carrageen-free, carrageenan-free, polysorbate-free, purely-natural, disease-free, completely-organ…

Hi, i'm new to this forum. I'm currently undertaking an honours research programme at my university. I'm running an experiment to measure interleukin-8 release from bronchial epithelial cell lines (BEAS2B & A549) via ELISA, and was wondering what kinds of stimuli would be appropriate? So far the stimuli i'll be using are: interleukin 1, LPS, TNF alpha, and a PAR agonist SLIGRL. I have plated the cells on a 24 well plate and will be applying the stimuli to them in two days. Any input would certainly be helpful. Cheers.

This would be very good i hope it goes foward i ain't a big fan of virus but there a amazing on a biological scale here is an article on forced evolution: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-11/ru-fec111008.php

How exactly does the medical community distinguish a lengthy recovery from Infectious Mononucleosis from a diagnosis of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome? As reported in current research some people experience a pro-longed "post viral fatigue" after IM. Cases have been reported where patients experience a type of "post viral fatigue" that can last well past 6 months. My question is how exactly do medical practitioners distinguish between on the diagnosis of these 2 separate conditions considering the over-lapping symptoms? What are the implications that Doctors make a CFS diagnosis, a completely separate condition from IM, when in fact IM has already been documented at the …

I am at a facility that currently incubates all MacConkey plates in a non-CO2 incubator for the first 24 hours. I have never seen this practice, in my experience MAC has always been incubated w/all other agar in a C02 environment. The manufacturer does suggest incubation in a non CO2, but simply states 'for enhanced recovery of some enteric GNR'. I understand the rationale for stool cultures (recovery of salmonella and shigella) but which GNR are enhanced for other routine cultures? (urine/wound/fluid/etc) Additionally, does anyone know the mechanism that allows for enhanced growth in a non CO2 environment?

Hi there, I just had a (hopefully) quick question about a couple of FACs readouts I've obtained after I treated some DCs with some antibody cocktails. Basically, I understand the x-axis corresponds to size of cells and that the y-axis sows increases in granularity. However, I'm not certain what the %numbers in the corners of the different gates are supposed to mean or what the different dyes are supposed to represent? Any kind of explanation to what I should actually be reading from FACs readouts would be much appreciated. Thanks very much!

Can anyone give me good 2 examples of food infection (with microbe name, how the microbe becomes present in the food, and the mechanism by which it causes disease {if possible} )

I'm reading that it is possible for prokaryotes to have cholesterol, but I have yet to find anything that discusses which species are able to have it. Here is something I have read from a website: - site: http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/Lipids/cholest/index.htm So, which species and conditions would those be? Anyone know?

Hello, I am looking for some help and advice. I am currently in poor health and have been for some time. I have had various labs done during the past few months and they have shown a low cholesterol level (total 99) and anemia on alot of tests. My iron saturation is low and I have an elevated reticlyte count which means my red bloods cell are destroyed more quickly than normal. I just came across information about certain bacteria that target cholesterol and also destroy red blood cells and this may impact my situation. I should not have low cholesterol to begin with as it not inherited from my family or because of my diet, because I eat alot of well balanced food…

hi. I need data for immunodominant CTL epitopes. there are several definitions for "immunodominance". some studies refer all epitope that induce response as immunodominant. however, more correct immunodominance definition is the competition in inducing response between several epitopes expressed on the same cell at the same time. this kind of data is very rare. do you have any idea? thanks/

Hey all, Im hung up on how to calculate MOI for the bacteria Im currently studying. My procedure is to innoculate a single colony into 4mL of BHI for my overnight culture, then for activation I am following Hanajima-Ozawa et al by aliquoting 120uL of overnight into 3mL of BHI for 3 hours to achieve mid-exponential growth. This is where it gets tricky, Im forced to spin this down and resuspend in less media because ridiculous concentrations of S. flex are required for infection. However, I dont know where to go from here since Im unsure of the concentration before spinning them down and how much to resuspend in/ infect with. I know that I need 10^7 to 10^8 bugs/…