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Interesting, I honestly thought hydrogen in the form of protons was the energy of the cell, I seem to be lost in the bushes on this. I know there are bacteria that produce free hydrogen as part of their metabolism and bacteria that use free hydrogen as an energy source and give off methane as waste and of course there are bacteria that consume methane... brings back memories of why I was so obsessed with biochemistry in high school. I love the complexity and order of chemistry.

I think it's interesting that different countries have different attitudes about this phenomenon. France seems to have the most progressive attitude with serious research being done via actual experts being employed by the government to investigate sightings. The USA seems to have to have the most repressive systems that appear to be geared toward ridiculing the sources to poison the well rather than investigation to find the truth... interesting how the same subject is treated by different schools of thought. Investigate the sources or ridicule the sources... which is scientific?

Not my analog, my point being that while the knowledge is out there, no one is going to throw away the ability to wield even if it has to be a secret. The gun analog is delt with by game theory, which is not applicable here.

So "zombification" by AI is like this post, where you let AI software analyze my post and then answer for you with these tasteless, generic, mindless observations? "As we navigate the challenges" we have to remember to talk and act so the future will be better? Thanks, AI, for NOTHING.

Driving across the US and back at highway speeds accumulates a couple of nanoseconds of time dilation. Most can ignore it, but if you’re transporting an atomic clock (as part of a calibration effort) you have to account for it. The quality of the clock matters, too.

Yes, that's why I asked Markus Hanke:

As I understand it, waste. The overall process has to release energy to make ATP from ADP, as it is ATP that is the principal energy molecule driving biochemical processes. I believe I read once that the gas in farts contains a lot of hydrogen, presumably from anaerobic metabolism by gut microbes. A schoolmate once collected some over water in the bath and claimed he set light to it. Whether it gave the characteristic “squeaky pop” of hydrogen was not clear however.

I think this is where a misunderstanding arose, as the discussion shifted away somewhat from the OP. I take your and @toucana point as to where the thread started, so I didn't make clear that I thought the thread had moved a bit and was trying to follow that. My point goes to the substantial difference (especially re the fate of Earth's supporting ecosystems) between any nuclear exchange and all the other historical forms of massive death you described. I won't rehash that, but anyone who wants to review previous posts is welcome to. I agree there is a legitimate moment of self-defense in a war, but I tried (and failed) to make some points as to how a nuclear "defense" can ultimately kill so many people who are not attacking. Therein lies the problem of proportionality, as well as Geneva issues, plus the migration of radionuclides and weather effects to friendly nations, also addressed by me and others. Again, I didn't communicate well that I see this as more than just a form of the Trolley Problem, because of the unique implications of annihilating an entire (or several entire) cities (and what that opens up, in terms of a larger war). We don't have to explore them here. I gave it a shot, but will step aside so others can resume with the original question.

But that’s a velocity-induced blueshift. The acceleration is incidental; you’ll see that blueshift regardless of the acceleration details.

OK, I notice your comment. All seems fair and representing today's cosmological physics. Also very distinct and compact expressed. For my own ideas of the cosmological evolution, I'll express them in the Speculation section. Just very interesten in cosmology and physics in general, and in a "layman" level.

What is the significance of the H2? Is it fuel, waste, or something else?

Ok, but the context was the twin paradox and the blueshift observed at the turnaround. The blueshifted signal originated from Earth, clearly not local. Ok, so why did you offer the equivalence principle as an explanation for the blueshift there, in the twin scenario discussion? Anyway, the mentioned/linked discussion was closed and I don't intend to continue/reopen it here. All I wanted here was to make this observation:

Indeed, I suspect that it's a Wall-E type imagining of our future, with AI doing all the hard work; the issue with that is, not everyone is lazy enough to just sit there and not think at all. I have to disagree: he doesn't suggest one is better than the other, just that the Übermensch can see what other's can't and the great man/woman can teach/show us all a way to understand the path to peace in ourselves. I have a thread on this, let's discuss this in a more suitable forum.

Yes it is more like a loop but plants don't feed off living things (most plants anyway, there are exceptions such as the Venus Fly Trap.) Plants only feed off sunlight and nutrients from the ground, and are eaten by animals, which then might be eaten by other animals and so forth. Thus all the food in the food chain, or food loop or food web or however you want to look at it, can all be traced back to the plants. It was high school biology. High school is where I took biology, in college I studied psychology and physics.

If we had a snail's pace (with no extra acceleration or deceleration) the difference in the clocks would be similar or identical but ,as an example it could be a billion years as against a billion and one years , depending on a great distance and a slow speed.Make sense? It only stands out as remarkable when the speeds are relativistic.

I have some 10mm X 2mm, I think N52, suitable for this device.

The first two paragraphs are accurate enough. It's more accurately described by As a result of expansion particle fields including the Higgs field drop out of thermal equilibrium in accordance to thermodynamic ideal gas laws involving tempersture/ density/ pressure and volume relations. Once the Higgs field drops out of equilibrium particles acquire mass leading to electroweak symmetry breaking. All particles and particle fields has a temperature contribution As for any personal proposals this isn't the section for that. If you choose to pursue personal ideas and a personal hypothesis our rules require that gets done in our Speculation forum. We may not currently know the cause of the cosmological constant. It may be quantum fluctuations due to the Heisenburg Uncertainty principle of the quantum harmonic oscillator which all fields are effected by. Or it may be the Higgs field. There is plenty of research papers suggesting either possibility however nothing is conclusive enough to make any determination between those two possibilities

The title of the OP in this thread was “Why use the atomic bomb on Japan ?” which seemed to me to be about the strategic military thinking and realpolitik of using such a novel weapon to end WW2 in August 1945 - (as opposed to pursuing a devasting war of attrition that might not have ended until 1947). All of those points have already been answered in detail in this thread quite a while ago imho. At some point the discussion then seems to have became a version of the thought experiment known as ”The Trolley Dilemma”. It might be instructive in this context to read a recent study by Exeter Business School which evaluates how different cultural groups - especially Asian ones - evaluate sacrificial dilemmas of this type, and can come to markedly different conclusions and ethical judgements in doing so. https://phys.org/news/2020-01-trolley-dilemma-sacrifice-person-culture.html To me it seems that arguments about ‘Few’ or ‘Many’ deaths descend into a form of Sorites Paradox (Greek σωρός - ‘a heap’) which is a type of [N-1] problem. At what point does a ‘heap’ of sand stop being a ‘heap’ if you repeatedly remove one grain of sand from it ? It’s a type of argument that relies on vague predicates. At what point do ‘Many ‘ deaths become “Few’, and when do you reach a moral tipping point which renders that value ‘acceptable” ? https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sorites-paradox/ Moral philosophers can pursue this type of debate almost indefinitely - but it’s rather different from the one raised in the OP.

... yep. And make sure you don't let them clash together. Either they will break, because they are very brittle, or you have to remove them sideways with pincers. And I imagine assembling them into a bigger contraption might be very difficult, due to their magnetic strength. I only know this address in Switzerland, ordered a few of them: https://www.supermagnete.ch/

Yes. The time dilation does not happen at some event or events along the ship's worldline, but rather accumulates along the entire worldline. You can have a wild worldline with accelerations, decelerations, turning back and forth, etc., like this, for example: You divide that line into infinitesimal straight segment. On each segment, the proper time of the traveler is \[d \tau^2 = dt^2-dx^2\]. Then you integrate, \[\int{d \tau}\] to obtain the total time of the travel on the traveler's clock. Just a matter of calculation, see above.

Citing again from ChatGPT: "As the temperature of the universe decreases from the time of the Big Bang (BB), certain phase transitions occur in the early universe that lead to spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB), including the emergence of non-zero vacuum expectation values (VEVs) of certain fields, such as the Higgs field." And, my own "statement": The energy "sources" in average temperatures, for example of the VEV of Higgs field, are mainly the remaining's of Big Bang and kinetic and potential energy. (Where the residuals of BB include all novel types of particles and fields, their virtual components and so on...) And, even if there are parallel ideas/ways of the origin of the "matter/energy" involved, the QFT and SM have been proven about at 90% all time since these physics models was introduced. I.e. the accuracy of QFT and SM are not dependent of the origin of all the novel existing matter/energy. (Representing a non-BB universal evolution idea.) (Which may correct the cosmological constant problem.) I understand that these latest statements or ideas are not at all common in the physics community. Forgive me if I as an interested layman am trying to promote some new/odd cosmological evolutionary theories. /chron44

I was going to argue my point further but I now see that the ship could also be traveling at a snail's pace over a longer time and we would get the same time dilated result. Correct? What difference ,I now wonder if any would it make if the ship was to add acceleration to its velocity? Would that increase the time dilation? I mean its average velocity was the same but it kept accelerating and decelerating linearly all the time.. Would it just make the velocity picture more detailed(the ship travels further)?

OK, so what is the overall reaction then? My primitive understanding of convention respiration is it essentially reverses photosynthesis, i.e. CO2 + H2O <-> (CH2O)n + O2, in which (CH2O)n is a generic carbohydrate. This process seems to evolve both H2 and CO2. I suppose one could have (CH2O) + H2O -> 2H2 + CO2. Is that what happens? I wonder what ΔG is for a process like that. Suppose the entropy term at least will be favourable, since 3 small gas molecules are produced.

But I don't think it's possible to get CO2 => C + O2 by electrolysis. Also with metal catalysts.

There is normally a reaction involving a metal catalyst that can adsorb the molecule and make it easier to split into ions, which is what you would need for electrolysis.