beecee

My farts don't smell.

Ahha! the seven deadly sins I recall from my chrisitian teachings! The exact opposite to the seven virtues, of chastity, charity, prudence, justice, temperence, kindness, and humility.

The Ocean of energy was I believe the quantum foam...I am far more comfortable with something like the quantum foam existing for eternity, and the true definition of nothing, than anything anymore complicated.

Our observable universe, is obviously a sphere centered on our position. We still do not have evidence convincing enough to say whether the universe is finite or infinite.

Just found this. https://thedebrief.org/darpa-funded-researchers-accidentally-create-the-worlds-first-warp-bubble DARPA FUNDED RESEARCHERS ACCIDENTALLY CREATE THE WORLD’S FIRST WARP BUBBLE: Warp drive pioneer and former NASA warp drive specialist Dr. Harold G “Sonny” White has reported the successful manifestation of an actual, real-world “Warp Bubble.” And, according to White, this first of its kind breakthrough by his Limitless Space Institute (LSI) team sets a new starting point for those trying to manufacture a full-sized, warp-capable spacecraft. “To be clear, our finding is not a warp bubble analog, it is a real, albeit humble and tiny, warp bubble,” White told The Debrief, quickly dispensing with the notion that this is anything other than the creation of an actual, real-world warp bubble. Hence the significance. In 1994, Mexican Mathematician Miguel Alcubierre proposed the first mathematically valid solution to the warp drive. More specifically, he outlined a spacecraft propulsion system previously only envisioned in science fiction that can traverse the cosmos above the speed of light without violating currently accepted laws of physics. That solution was lauded for its elegant mathematics, yet simultaneously derided for its use of theoretical materials and massive amounts of energy that appeared virtually impossible to engineer in any practical way. extract: “While conducting analysis related to a DARPA-funded project to evaluate possible structure of the energy density present in a Casimir cavity as predicted by the dynamic vacuum model,” reads the actual findings published in the peer-reviewed European Physical Journal, “a micro/nano-scale structure has been discovered that predicts negative energy density distribution that closely matches requirements for the Alcubierre metric.” Or put more simply, as White did in a recent email to The Debrief, “To my knowledge, this is the first paper in the peer-reviewed literature that proposes a realizable nano-structure that is predicted to manifest a real, albeit humble, warp bubble.” This fortuitous finding, says White, not only confirms the predicted “toroidal” structure and negative energy aspects of a warp bubble, but also resulted in potential pathways he and other researchers can follow when trying to design, and one day actually construct, a real-world warp-capable spacecraft. “This is a potential structure we can propose to the community that one could build that will generate a negative vacuum energy density distribution that is very similar to what’s required for an Alcubierre space warp,” explained White. more at link......................... :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: My first reaction was, is this another faulty claim as made by the "inventor" of the electromagnetic drive? You know the one, that which has no exhaust....just plug it in,and you can cruise to the destination of your dreams. Just dreams as physics tells us. OK, while my puny mind is boggling, what do others think of this? Is it the outcome needed to facilitate visiting other stellar systems? I have no qualms that if this is all it appears to be, it will still be a century or more, until we are able to manufacture star ships with warp drive capabilities. Or will some smart arse scientist 😉 burst this bubble and reveal some anomaly or trickery or false readings? Or will this dream turn out to be reality, or am I a gullible wishful thinking old fool?

https://news.yale.edu/2021/06/17/going-distance-confirm-galaxy-almost-no-dark-matter Going the distance to confirm a galaxy with almost no dark matter: Three years ago, a team of astronomers led by Yale’s Pieter van Dokkum surprised the scientific community with the discovery of a far-off galaxy that contained little or no dark matter. The discovery, made using NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope, had the potential to upend well-established theories about how galaxies form and evolve. That is because dark matter — the invisible scaffolding that accounts for most of the universe’s mass — is considered essential for creating and shaping galaxies. But how could a galaxy exist with almost no dark matter? Some astronomers speculated the finding was incorrect. Specifically, they questioned the accuracy of distance measurements from Earth to NGC 1052-DF2 — the galaxy with no dark matter. Now, in a new study published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, van Dokkum and Yale graduate student Zili Shen have pinpointed the distance to DF2 and confirmed the earlier finding. MORE AT LINK.............. https://www.sciencealert.com/mystery-cube-found-on-the-far-side-of-the-moon-is-probably-not-an-alien-hut Mystery Cube Found on The Far Side of The Moon Is Probably Not an 'Alien Hut' There's something strange in the lunar neighborhood. In its exploration of the Von Kármán Crater on the far side of the Moon, China's Yutu 2 rover has spotted a peculiar object on the horizon. In a very blurry image, it appears to be a cube-shaped protrusion in an otherwise relatively featureless landscape. On a post on social network Weixin, China National Space Administration outreach program Our Space referred to it as a "mysterious hut". "Was it a home built by aliens after the crash landing?" the post playfully speculates. "Or is it the pioneer spacecraft of the predecessors to explore the Moon?" The answer is that it is likely neither of those things, but something that we know the Moon has in abundance: rocks. We won't know for sure, however, until Yutu 2 can close the intervening 80-meter (260-foot) distance to study it up close – a process that will take another two or three months. MORE AT LINK.....

I don't think that is at all factual. While most UAP's and UFO's can be explained away as mundane sources, there is a small percentage that remains as unexplained or unidentified. After 1000's of supposed and imagined sightings, of kidnappings and anal probings, you would think by now we would have something more positive to validate Alien piloted UAP's and UFO's, if that is what you are proposing. To find out that we are not alone in this big wide wonderful universe, would answer an age old question for mankind, asked since we first climbed down out of the trees and walked on two feet. Such extraordinary claims, require equally extraordinary evidence.

Yes, very! https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravastar I do remember reading about them, somewhere, sometime, perhaps in Martin Ree's and Mitch Begalman's book, "Gravity's Fatal Attraction" This maybe of interest...... https://arxiv.org/pdf/2010.05354.pdf Black hole or Gravastar? The GW190521 case: (Dated: August 31, 2021) The existence of cosmological compact objects with very strong gravity is a prediction of General Relativity and an exact solution of the Einstein equations. These objects are called black holes and recently we had the first observations of them. However, the theory of black hole formation has some disadvantages. In order to avoid these, some scientists suggest the existence of gravastars (gravitation vacuum stars), an alternative stellar model which seems to solve the problems of the black hole theory. In this work we compare black holes and gravastars using a wide range of the literature and we emphasize the properties of gravastars, which are consistent with the current cosmological observations. Also, we propose gravastars as the solution of the ”pair-instability” effect and a possible explanation for the observed masses of the compact objects, before the collapse, from the gravitational signal GW190521, since in the formation of a gravastar there aren’t mass restrictions. CONCLUSIONS: Gravastar is a hypothetical stellar compact object alternative to a black hole. Until now, there is no observational way to distinguish a black hole from a gravastar. Thus, a possible observation of a black hole can be a possible gravastar. Recent observations of gravitational wave GW190521 pointed out that the theory of black holes formation is not consistent with observations, since there is a mass gap in their formation. From theoretical view, there is a way to avoid the pair instability effect/mass gap with gravastar formation. The GW190521 event could be an indication for the existence of gravastars, which might avoid the mass gap. This stellar configuration (gravastar) is a promising candidate to complete the puzzle or to replace black holes. :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

OK, I can understand that...but I still prefer my more layman's description.😉 What does the changing of time and space mean? I'll leave that to swansont or Marcus to give a better description. And of course the simplest solution, albeit totally unlikely solution, making it easy for math ignorant people like myself to understand somewhat. In some respects OK, but most agree re the SMBH Sag1 at the center of the MW, and aLIGO has validated mid size ones. Quantum BH's seem to be the biggest querie or uncertainty. In time, the continued discoveries of gravitational waves might just be the revolution you talk about. While obviously a weird result caused by the extremities of gravity, they were actually first realized with Newtonian mechanics in the late 1700's, as you probably are aware, and I'm just teaching granny how to suck eggs.😊

I see it as more then just speculative. We essentially know nothing about space and time at the instant of the BB, where our laws break down and where infinite densities are approached and we also know nothing about the mathematical singularity at the core of a BH for the same reasons. Both occurred or occur at the quantum/Planck level. Any matter/energy entering a BH, is essentially broken down into its most basic fundamentals, the same basic fundamentals that evolved through phase transitions and false vaccums at t+10-45 seconds. https://www.uu.edu/dept/physics/scienceguys/2001Aug.cfm#:~:text=When matter falls into or,the rest of space-time.&text=Once inside the black hole's,be squeezed into the singularity. extract: "When matter falls into or comes closer than the event horizon of a black hole, it becomes isolated from the rest of space-time. It can never leave that region. For all practical purposes the matter has disappeared from the universe. Once inside the black hole’s event horizon, matter will be torn apart into its smallest subatomic components and eventually be squeezed into the singularity. As the singularity accumulates more and more matter, the size of the black hole’s event horizon increases proportionally". :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Again, while we certainly cannot be sure 100% of what happens inside any BH EH, we can I believe trust GR to a large extent, and at the same time understand that while it predicts both the BB and BH singularities as regions of infinite densities and spacetime curvatures, it also fails us at these regions. That tells me that we can reasoanbly trust its predictions once inside the EH, at least up to the quantum/Planck level where it fails us. https://www.space.com/what-happens-black-hole-center "It could be that deep inside a black hole, matter doesn't get squished down to an infinitely tiny point. Instead, there could be a smallest possible configuration of matter, the tiniest possible pocket of volume. This is called a Planck star, and it's a theoretical possibility envisioned by loop quantum gravity, which is itself a highly hypothetical proposal for creating a quantum version of gravity. In the world of loop quantum gravity, space and time are quantized — the universe around us is composed of tiny discrete chunks, but at such an incredibly tiny scale that our movements appear smooth and continuous. This theoretical chunkiness of space-time provides two benefits. One, it takes the dream of quantum mechanics to its ultimate conclusion, explaining gravity in a natural way. And two, it makes it impossible for singularities to form inside black holes. As matter squishes down under the immense gravitational weight of a collapsing star, it meets resistance. The discreteness of space-time prevents matter from reaching anything smaller than the Planck length (around 1.68 times 10^-35 meters, so…small). All the material that has ever fallen into the black hole gets compressed into a ball not much bigger than this. Perfectly microscopic, but definitely not infinitely tiny. This resistance to continued compression eventually forces the material to un-collapse (i.e., explode), making black holes only temporary objects. But because of the extreme time dilation effects around black holes, from our perspective in the outside universe it takes billions, even trillions, of years before they go boom. So we're all set for now" And both exist where GR fails us and logically where matter/energy should exist at its most fundamental levels.eg: quarks/electrons. Yes, of course, but as per a BH singularity, we know nothing about those regions that exist at the quantum/Planck level and the instant of the BB. The BB for example, only starts aligning with current physics and GR at around 10-45th seconds. No one yet has mentioned anything about pre BB times, if that is at all a reasoanble concept, since space and time, (as we know them) evolved at that point. Whatever state it existed before the instant of the BB, (or the post quantum/Planck era) is unknown, as is the state of space and time at a BH singularity and the same quantum/Planck era that follows that. But I'm only a poor old bastard that has now retired, so while what I say are my own thoughts (reasonable I hope) it is of course based on much of what I have read and researched with regards to reputable data and references on the subject. The point to remember is that most cosmologists and scientists today, reject the singularity as defined by infinite spacetime curvatures and densities as unrealistic. I'm inclined to agree with that for whatever it is worth. And all open to modifications and/or error corrections from our own online knowledgable people.

Einstein's theory certainly is correct within its known bounds of applicability, but the non existent problem you present is actually explained by good old Newtonian mechanics. The Sun and planets formed from a rotating accretion disk 5 billion years ago, the angular momentum of that disk, saw it flattened so enabling the Sun/planets to form in nearly all the same plane. Much the same reason applies to why the Earth is an oblate spheroid.

And of course before I forget, and to avoid any need to address this again, jailing criminals is not just about incarceration, it also is for punishment and deterrence. To repeat as I see you have raised it again.....Society in general is demanding more thought into the "softly softly" approach, as I exampled earlier, and it is not all based on one sensational media story (not sure how one can sensationalise the violence and repeated rape of a little girl by a monster already out on parole?) It is based on many cases, and near everyday and that's just in my own little corner of the world.

No actually I'm arguing against someone who at times is talking in riddles and ignoring hard facts. I'll end this little escapade now, as you finally have agreed to what I am saying in as many words. Far better then any unrealsitic, unworkable system with no jails, which you were pushing. And really whatever you mean by my revenge beyond incarceration is beyond me. I have already said I disagree with the death penalty for obvious reasons, and I certainly have not mentioned anything about whipping, stoning, or other torture in anyway...perhaps some fabricated drama on your part?

You won't be banned for disagreeing with anyone. You are at a science forum, and while certainly this is in the religious section, the scientists here, and others like myself, have every right to question your "absolute claims" specifically when they are not supported by evidence. The bible is simply an obscure book, mostly based on myth, written in an obscure age, by obscure men. If you want yes answers with no questions asked re your claim, then your best bet is to go to a forum where similar unscientific beliefs are the norm...Freewill is imho, simply a product of evolution that enables reasonably advanced Apes to make decisions, reason, chose, and act independantly. Others might argue that in reality we do not have freewill, as that and us, are governed by the laws of physics. Also the quantum world and/or determinism may have some effect on what some may determine as freewill. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40509-014-0008-4 "Quantum theory and determinism usually do not go together. A natural combination is quantum theory and randomness. ... But I feel that we should not give up the idea that the Universe is governed by a deterministic law. Quantum theory is correct, but determinism is correct too". https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40509-014-0008-4.pdf Abstract: Historically, appearance of the quantum theory led to a prevailing view that Nature is indeterministic. The arguments for the indeterminism and proposals for indeterministic and deterministic approaches are reviewed. These include collapse theories, Bohmian Mechanics and the many-worlds interpretation. It is argued that ontic interpretations of the quantum wave function provide simpler and clearer physical explanation and that the manyworlds interpretation is the most attractive since it provides a deterministic and local theory for our physical Universe explaining the illusion of randomness and nonlocality in the world we experience. 6 Conclusions: "In this paper, I reviewed the interpretations and the fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics, arguing that, contrary to a popular view, quantum theory can be considered as a deterministic theory describing Nature. The theory has two parts. The first part is physical, mathematical, the one to which I attach the words “ontological” or “ontic” (without attributing a distinction between them). It is a counterpart of the theory of particles and fields in classical physics. This is the part of a theory about what is in the physical Universe. Although I discussed several approaches, I find by far the best option to take the wave function of the Universe, and only it, as the ontology of the theory. Major part of the paper explains why I have this view. I also review numerous recent works on the subject pointing in this direction. The theory of the wave function is a deterministic theory without action at a distance. It is the theory about what is, irrespectively of us. Even quantum observables, like momentum, energy, spin, etc. which are frequently considered to be the starting point of quantum mechanics, are not considered ontological in this approach. Thus, various uncertainty relations between quantum variables do not lead to indeterminism". ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: personally, I havn't got a bloody clue as to where freewill comes from, but am inclined to accept that it is simply a product of evolution.

Thanks for that...I was looking forward to some reasonable critique on the matter, as I was somewhat questionable on the full nature of their claims in my OP. Still, its progress and who knows where to from here......the mind boggles!

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/scientists-unveiled-the-worlds-first-living-robots-last-year-now-they-can-now-reproduce-180979150/ Scientists Unveiled the World’s First Living Robots Last Year. Now, They Can Reproduce: By clustering free-floating stem cells together, ‘xenobots’ can assemble baby bots: Early last year, a team of researchers announced the world's first living machines—bundles of stem cells from African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) that could be programmed to accomplish certain tasks. The sand grain–sized cells could successfully move microscopic objects, whiz around Petri dishes and even self-heal, Katherine J. Wu reported for Smithsonian last year. "Most people think of robots as made of metals and ceramics but it's not so much what a robot is made from but what it does, which is act on its own on behalf of people," co-author Josh Bongard, a computer scientist at the University of Vermont, tells Katie Hunt for CNN. "In that way it's a robot, but it's also clearly an organism made from genetically unmodified frog cell." Since their original study, the team has been working to harness the power of these tiny robots—named "xenobots" after the clawed frogs' genus Xenopus. In a new development, the team announced that xenobots can now reproduce in a way that is completely different from any plant or animal known to science: by scooping up free-floating cells and assembling them into new clusters, Nicola Davis reports for the Guardian. The team published their findings this week in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. more at link...............

As far as I am aware, a singularity can be defined as where infinite spacetime curvature and densities take place (this version is generally rejected by most scientists) and a singularity defined by where our laws of physics and GR are non applicable. https://www.universetoday.com/84147/singularity/ The Hawking Singularity Theorem added to this by stating that a space-like singularity can occur when matter is forcibly compressed to a point, causing the rules that govern matter to break down. Hawking traced this back in time to the Big Bang, which he claimed was a point of infinite density. However, Hawking later revised this to claim that general relativity breaks down at times prior to the Big Bang, and hence no singularity could be predicted by it. """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" The highlighted part by me, can I believe also apply to the core of a BH. The predicted singularity obviously applies to singularities as defined by infinite spacetime curvatures and densities.

This is getting boring and again going round in circles....Are you at all listening to me? obviously not with those blinkers. Let me simply repeat...... Obviously the biggest unworkable scenario re your softly softly approach, is the fact that due to the numbers of incorridgibles and criminals re-offending when being given the softly softly approach, many areas of society are instead increasing incarceration terms, and reducing rehabilitive solutions. As I have said a couple of times, this is just making it harder for the young first timers that deserves a chance, with judges and magistrates being less inclined to be lenient. Let me get straight to the point again...I'm all for rehabilitation after punishment, and protection of the victim and society, but some crimes are so animalistic, so violent, so horrific, so utterly evil, that rehabilitation is out of the question. In other words, I would rather err on the side of caution, and chance not giving a criminal a second chance that may well deserve it, to giving some (unknown) incorridgilble bastard a second chance ( as in my "ad naeseum" example) that will go out and commit another horrific deed. ( as per the ad nauseum example) which of course has been shown to be more common than what you are trying to pretend it is not. You are corrected....(other then a night in the clink at the local police station when I was about 20 years old, for being drunk and disorderly) I was just that, ( drunk and disorderly), although the disorderly part was simply me singing loudly around 0300hrs on the way home and waking up the neigbourhood) and accepted my punishment. 😁 Society in general is demanding more thought into the "softly softly" approach, as I exampled earlier, and it is not all based on one sensational media story (not sure how one can sensationalise the violence and repeated rape of a little girl by a monster already out on parole?) It is based on many cases, and near everyday and that's just in my own little corner of the world. Here's another for your collection.......... https://www.mamamia.com.au/murders-by-people-on-bail/ The question of bail is a question of human rights. Every person has the right to the presumption of innocence – or is “innocent until proven guilty” – as stated in The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It’s about freedom and justice. The entitlement to a fair trial. But people are dying and we have to ask why. When people like 40-year-old mother Teresa Bradford is stabbed to death in her own home while her four children (the youngest is eight) are in the next room, we must wonder how, why, the man who killed her – her husband, 52-year-old David Bradford – was free to do so. Mr Bradford had been in court less than three weeks prior to Tuesday – the day he murdered his estranged wife. He’d been in custody since November for assaulting and choking Ms Bradford. He had knocked her unconscious, gaffa taped her mouth shut, and attempted to strangle her. Despite police opposing bail, he was released after 44 days in detention. Bradford, who was in custody for 44 days, had known mental health issues and a domestic violence support group was aware of the risk he posed to his former partner. https://www.9news.com.au/national/bail-laws-masa-vukotic-sydney-siege-jill-meagher/258febb5-4601-4325-a9c4-8360e3336587 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Oh heck, here's another..... https://www.mondaq.com/australia/crime/1126996/man-granted-bail-for-proceeds-of-crime-charges-disappears A man who was granted bail for proceeds of crime charges has disappeared after cutting off his ankle monitor. Mostafa Baluch is accused of masterminding a 900kg cocaine shipment into Australia. However, he was granted bail when he agreed to forfeit his $4million property and wear an ankle monitor. Police described him as "dangerous" and urged the public not to approach him. ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

Hasn't this "unphysical" prediction been rejected by scientists? If by unphysical, you mean a singularity of infinite density and curvature. And of course ( my reasoning now) GR tells us nothing about the quantum/Planck region, where this prediction takes place...so in effect it can be reasonably discarded. Which then leaves a physical singularity with a surface of sorts, (in an unknown state of existence) at or below the quantum/Planck level. Of course all predictions inside the EH are essentially unknown. With any Kerr BH, (the most likely real life example) we would have a "ring singularity" If one were to enter the BH at the polar regions and survive spaghettification, one could pass directly central through this ring singularity without any catastrophic effects. The gravitation would be equally acting on all sides.

It does work in most cases as is evidenced in society. The cases where it isn't working are the examples of incorridgible evil criminals...you know, those that sometimes you reluctantly admit to existing. And "your alternative" has been shown to be unworkable. These studies you fall back on, studies of psychiatry and physiology are known as "soft sciences"...while in some respects they are indispensible, they are labeled soft sciences for a reason. Why not use the many real to life, factual examples I have given? Instead of blocking your ears and going nanannanana. Instead, it seems you have found a new word to hang your hat on....sad. 🤕 You see your problem is equating revenge to punishment. But obviously you need that error as the foundation of your philosophy. "First, revenge is personal, an act of private justice taken by individuals for wrongs done to them or to those close to them, usually blood relatives. ... Punishment thus commits itself to impersonality, where the response to an offense is assumed by an authorized third party, typically the state". https://science.jrank.org/pages/10919/Punishment-Vengeance-Punishment.html Judges also obviously are prone to errors, as was shown in my prime example. Thankfully, ( as I'm sure you will agree) that error was not made the second time around. Not forgetting of course that this monster's name was not Robinson Crusoe. Obviously the biggest unworkable scenario re your softly softly approach, is the fact that due to the numbers of incorridgibles and criminals re-offending when being given the softly softly approach, many areas of society are instead increasing incarceration terms, and reducing rehabilitive solutions. As I have said a couple of times, this is just making it harder for the young first time that deserves a chance, with judges and magistrates being less inclined to be lenient.

It was you who labeled the thread a pantomine...(presumably because you could not offer any challenge to real true to life examples that invalidated your "justice philosophy") It is you quoting Jesus....it is you claiming others have resorted to gainsay and ridicule and consequently casting aspersions..... Yet in the next breath you (reluctantly) admit that incorridgible criminals do exist. That therefor constitutes the need for prison and jails. We all agree that rehabilitation should be attempted, but we also need the deterence factor...that's what prisons and punishment is for.

https://phys.org/news/2021-12-astronomers-strangely-massive-black-hole.html Astronomers discover strangely massive black hole in Milky Way satellite galaxy: Astronomers at The University of Texas at Austin's McDonald Observatory have discovered an unusually massive black hole at the heart of one of the Milky Way's dwarf satellite galaxies, called Leo I. Almost as massive as the black hole in our own galaxy, the finding could redefine our understanding of how all galaxies—the building blocks of the universe—evolve. The work is published in a recent issue of The Astrophysical Journal. The team decided to study Leo I because of its peculiarity. Unlike most dwarf galaxies orbiting the Milky Way, Leo I does not contain much dark matter. Researchers measured Leo I's dark matter profile—that is, how the density of dark matter changes from the outer edges of the galaxy all the way into its center. They did this by measuring its gravitational pull on the stars: The faster the stars are moving, the more matter there is enclosed in their orbits. In particular, the team wanted to know whether dark matter density increases toward the galaxy's center. They also wanted to know whether their profile measurement would match previous ones made using older telescope data combined with computer models. more at link.............. the paper: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ac0c79 Dynamical Analysis of the Dark Matter and Central Black Hole Mass in the Dwarf Spheroidal Leo I: Abstract We measure the central kinematics for the dwarf spheroidal galaxy Leo I using integrated-light measurements and previously published data. We find a steady rise in the velocity dispersion from 300'' into the center. The integrated-light kinematics provide a velocity dispersion of 11.76 ± 0.66 km s−1 inside 75''. After applying appropriate corrections to crowding in the central regions, we achieve consistent velocity dispersion values using velocities from individual stars. Crowding corrections need to be applied when targeting individual stars in high-density stellar environments. From integrated light, we measure the surface brightness profile and find a shallow cusp toward the center. Axisymmetric, orbit-based models measure the stellar mass-to-light ratio, black hole mass, and parameters for a dark matter halo. At large radii it is important to consider possible tidal effects from the Milky Way, so we include a variety of assumptions regarding the tidal radius. For every set of assumptions, models require a central black hole consistent with a mass (3.3 ± 2) × 106 M⊙. The no-black-hole case for any of our assumptions is excluded at over 95% significance, with 6.4 < Δχ2 < 14. A black hole of this mass would have significant effects on dwarf galaxy formation and evolution. The dark halo parameters are heavily affected by the assumptions for the tidal radii, with the circular velocity only constrained to be above 30 km s−1. Reasonable assumptions for the tidal radius result in stellar orbits consistent with an isotropic distribution in the velocities. These more realistic models have little need for a dark matter halo.

https://phys.org/news/2021-12-astronomers-binary-star.html Astronomers observe a new type of binary star long predicted to exist: Researchers at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian have observed a new type of binary star that has long been theorized to exist. The discovery finally confirms how a rare type of star in the universe forms and evolves. The new class of stars, described in this month's issue of the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, was discovered by postdoctoral fellow Kareem El-Badry using the Shane Telescope at Lick Observatory in California and data from several astronomical surveys. "We have observed the first physical proof of a new population of transitional binary stars," says El-Badry. "This is exciting; it's a missing evolutionary link in binary star formation models that we've been looking for." MORE AT LINK.............. the paper: https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-abstract/508/3/4106/6368873?redirectedFrom=fulltext Birth of the ELMs: a ZTF survey for evolved cataclysmic variables turning into extremely low-mass white dwarfs: ABSTRACT We present a systematic survey for mass-transferring and recently detached cataclysmic variables (CVs) with evolved secondaries, which are progenitors of extremely low mass white dwarfs (ELM WDs), AM CVn systems, and detached ultracompact binaries. We select targets below the main sequence in the Gaia colour–magnitude diagram with ZTF light curves showing large-amplitude ellipsoidal variability and orbital period Porb < 6 h. This yields 51 candidates brighter than G = 18, of which we have obtained many-epoch spectra for 21. We confirm all 21 to be completely or nearly Roche lobe filling close binaries. Thirteen show evidence of ongoing mass transfer, which has likely just ceased in the other eight. Most of the secondaries are hotter than any previously known CV donors, with temperatures 4700 < Teff/K < 8000. Remarkably, all secondaries with Teff≳7000KTeff≳7000K appear to be detached, while all cooler secondaries are still mass-transferring. This transition likely marks the temperature where magnetic braking becomes inefficient due to loss of the donor’s convective envelope. Most of the proto-WD secondaries have masses near 0.15M⊙0.15M⊙⁠; their companions have masses near 0.8M⊙0.8M⊙⁠. We infer a space density of ∼60kpc−3∼60kpc−3⁠, roughly 80 times lower than that of normal CVs and three times lower than that of ELM WDs. The implied Galactic birth rate, R∼60Myr−1R∼60Myr−1⁠, is half that of AM CVn binaries. Most systems are well-described by MESA models for CVs in which mass transfer begins only as the donor leaves the main sequence. All are predicted to reach minimum periods 5 ≲ Porb min−1 ≲ 30 within a Hubble time, where they will become AM CVn binaries or merge. This sample triples the known evolved CV population and offers broad opportunities for improving understanding of the compact binary population.