John Cuthber

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Herschel#Discovery_of_infrared_radiation_in_sunlight Or we may be talking bolometers https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolometer

https://mft.nhs.uk/wythenshawe/services/respiratory-and-allergy/national-aspergillosis-centre/ The fungus really isn't that rare in the UK. And you really did say, absolutely, that it wouldn't happen. It could, and there's nothing the food standards authorities can do about that. On the other hand they can test for aflatoxin in peanut butter (and insist on good storage etc.) There are two factors. The toxin already being present in food and the mould infecting food later. Your post muddled them. I was trying to sort them out.

We need to clarify something. Wiki tells us that: Aspergillus flavus is a saprotrophic and pathogenic[1] fungus with a cosmopolitan distribution. So, its spores can get into a jar no matter where you open it. The rich countries have resources to test peanuts for aflatoxins before they get into the human food chain. But, once the jar is open, the only thing preventing this "aflatoxin won't get in there from spores in your house.", is luck. I am pretty sure that the manufacturing process (and certainly the canning process) will kill the fungi that produce mycotoxins (thought they may not destroy toxins which are already present). The lack of water (because it was lost during roasting) makes it unlikely that microorganisms will thrive in peanut butter. (Salt and sugar may also act as antimicrobials.) That will not prevent spoilage completely. Oxidation will happen once the product is exposed to air. There may well be antioxidants in commercial peanut butter. Those are not typically thought of as "preservatives".

You can't. Or, at least, you can't make a good buffer at pH 10.5 with Tris. " Buffering features[edit] The conjugate acid of tris has a pKa of 8.07 at 25 °C, which implies that the buffer has an effective pH range between 7.1 and 9.1 (pKa ± 1) at room temperature." From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tris

It will if you are unlucky.

Heinz used to advertise that "The only preservative we use is the one you open".

The best documented effect of nitrites in the diet is their reaction with secondary amines to produce nitrosamines which are carcinogenic. Meanwhile, back at the actual question, it's ethanol.

No. So what? Were you not aware of the phrase? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education higher education /ˌhʌɪə ɛdjuːˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/ noun education at universities or similar educational establishments, especially to degree level.

Higher than school. i.e tertiary education.

Who?

I agree. But the dose is really important.

A femtogram of BTX is less likely to harm you than a tonne of HFCS. Ask Paracelsus. We are, in fact, exposed to both. (there are going to be traces of BTX in some of the things you eat). And there's plenty of HFCS. Which one is more likely to harm you?

Pumpernickel is a fine option; but about 50% w/w carbohydrate. There's essentially no difference nutritional between brown and white sugar (I accept they taste different.) If you look really carefully, you can find honey with a higher fructose content than some HFCS. https://draxe.com/nutrition/what-is-pumpernickel/

It's a matter of definition. Looking at "number of people killed" I think alcohol and nicotine do pretty well. I guess there's a case for "the DNA of the malaria parasite". Water is surprisingly high up the list when you consider skidding on wet roads or collisions due to fog. (I think drownings are relatively rare but even that's not zero) Things like fluoroantimonic acid are obviously bad for you, but since sulphuric acid is strong enough to burn holes in skin, there's a limit to the point of making stronger acids if that's your game plan. I suspect an equal volume of HF would do more damage. The toxicity of fluoride and antimony are also contributors there but I doubt magic acid has actually killed anyone.

It probably depends where you look. https://icelandmag.is/article/00-icelanders-25-years-or-younger-believe-god-created-world-poll-reveals

Re. "Is the claim that the pill changes what kind of men women are attracted to true?" The men should not be taking it. There have been reports that the pill changes women's (apparent ) attractiveness to men. https://www.unm.edu/~tybur/docs/dancers.pdf I have no idea if the report is accurate or not.

Reflection from the retina is what causes red eye in flash pictures. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-eye_effect And you really need to look up what "intromission" means.

He sought the advice of a mathematician who told him to work it out with a pencil.

Just a thought. As far as I can tell, there could be two "versions" of me. One has a tendency to open the blood vessels near the skin, and the other tends to restrict them. Both are capable of maintaining the same core body temperature ; but they have different "power requirements" (because they have different skin temperature). If both versions consumed the same number of calories, either one would gain weight, or the other would lose it. There are, of course, other possibilities for how a similar outcome could occur; gut bacteria variation would be an obvious place to look.

It's the reticule from an autocollimator. https://moeller-wedel-optical.com/en/product/reticles/ What were you thinking?

For a moment, I thought that looked like this. But it's probably just me...

Doesn't really work. Only the impurity atoms on the outside are exposed to the acid; the rest are effectively protected by being "gold plated". Density is a better option. Even this is pretty good. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchstone_(assaying_tool) On a completely pointless pedantic note, there's (at least) one acid which will attack gold.

It seems that America isn't really "good" it's just "big". There are (if Google is to be believed) about 5300 universities in the USA. About 200 are on the "top 1000" list. That's about 3.8% There are 166 in the UK of which 25 are on the "top 1000" list which is about 15% France has 71 of which 27 are on the Shanghai list. 38% is impressive. Germany is confusing. "a total of 423 higher education institutions in Germany, including 108 universities, 211 universities of applied sciences, 52 colleges of art and music, 30 colleges of public administration, 16 theological universities and 6 colleges of education."

If the ammonia gets oxidised to nitric acid, then it will acidify the soil

If someone is deliberately exposing the world to organochlorine compounds, what are they hoping to gain and how are they avoiding poisoning themselves? A weapon needs a target; who is it?