Anatomy, Physiology and Neuroscience

When other brainstem cranial nerves don't?

How come the olfactory bulb projects straight to the amygdala and the olfactory cortex without going through a tertiary thalamic nuclear relay (and cross-over)?

Why not just use foremen rotundum to access pterygopalatine ganglion?

Simple question. When we talk to ourselves we are still using our voice box to some degree. Like when we read a book (Not Speed Reading) to really understand something we use the voice box even more. When we're pissed off about something we actually contract the muscles more still to the point discomfort and exhausting going over something in our head over and over again. My question is does anyone know what muscles in the voice box are we actually using? When we talk out aloud the Vocal Chords are actually being vibrated by certain muscles in the voice box not the by the nerves (I read that somewhere online that since 1950 Neurologist have ruled out that …

Hello could someone tell me what are the following cell structures actually made of or from ? So structures such as mitochondrion, cell membrane, cytoplasm, microtubles, golgi, nucleas, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, microfiliaments and etc ? Would these parts of the human cell be made from cells themselves ? If yes then what kind of cells ? Thanks

Hello. My question is simply what type of specialist (cellular biologist or pathologist or other) could help with the examination of human cell(s) possbly stem cells and examine their detail structures (mitochondrion, cell membrane, cytoplasm, microtubles, golgi, nucleas, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, microfiliaments and etc) for any iregularities or unusual properties ? I need to find an expert in the field of the study of human cells which can help examining the structures of a human cells. Unfortunately at the moment I cannot say for sure which type of human cell which I need studied and examined. This question is not about cancer cells or other organism bu…

Hello everyone Our professor of neuroradiology told us that on the images they provided us, the lateral geniculate nucleus can't be found. So what's the thing I put a circle around then on the image below? I would ask him, but suggesting that that would be the LGN would mean suggesting he is wrong. Should I be wrong, then it would be very much out of my place to suggest he is wrong. He's the radiologist, after all! It's near the quadrigeminal plate (a bit more rostral and, of course, more lateral) which might suggest that that is indeed the LGN. Thanks! F

Hello everyone It is known that anandamide, an endocannabinoid, binds to CB1-receptors, thus taking part in pain relief. However, it also binds to the TRPV1-nociceptor, inducing a burning pain as is experienced with temperatures above 43°C (or so). So ... Imagine I inject some anadamide (1) intradermal and (2) intravenous. Will you get high and sedated or will you curse me to death? Thanks! F

I have a few questions regarding the nerves of the Larynx/Voice Box: Is there anywhere in the throat area where the laryngeal nerves are exposed to allow electrodes to be placed for electrical stimulation of the Voice Box/Vocal Chords muscles? For instance is it possible, like the facial nerve in the middle ear, to attach an electrode (Electrode that is stuck on as opposed to punctured with needles) on the laryngeal nerve in the throat or does it require a needle electrode and exposure of the nerve through surgery etc.? Are there any nerves exposed in the middle ear cavity that also through the use of electrical stimulation will cause the muscles in the larynx t…

Hi. I am learning anatomy to improve my drawing skills but i have problem with facial fats. they are not depicted in the anatomical drawings and actually they don't even exist in the anatomical models. Could someone please tell me what's their actual job?

Excuse me for being a complete novice to Neurology but I have a question regarding how the Facial Nerve actually controls different muscles. For example, the Facial Nerve controls the obicularis oculi, procures, corrugator supercilii muscles but how does this work? When we open/close the eyelid are we sending certain frequencies of electrical signals down the nerve and each muscle works on different frequencies? Like tuning your radio? If so is it possible to use an electrode to stimulate the obicularis oculi, procures, corrugator supercilii muscles only with a certain frequency of electrical current or am i totally wrong here? Thanks Barry

It has been established that the Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum) receives all of its sensory from the trigeminal nerve according to studies and that it is supplemented only inconstantly and incompletely by the other cranial nerves X & IX. With advances in Hearing Earpieces in the mobile phone industry, namely headphones. Would it be plausible that we could in effect attach an electrical device to the Eardrum itself to stimulate the eardrum with impulses causing it to react with minute vibrations thus creating audio? Or if the Eardrum was to be electrically stimulated it will in effect stimulate the whole trigeminal nerve causing pain in the Ears, Eyes and Forehea…

Hello, When reading about the physiology of maintaining blood pressure I came across something that confused me a bit. In the book the example was of hemorrhage: Loss of blood results in low RBC (erythrocytes) and low blood pressure --> fluid moves from interstitial fluid into blood stream --> increased blood plasma volume --> normal blood pressure. What confuses me is how this is helpful. I understood that blood pressure is important to maintain so all tissues/organs receive adequet supply of oxygen and dispose of CO2. Since this autotransfusion will not return RBC count to normal levels, how does it help the body? In other words: I understood…

Why there isn't much research in Neuroscience when it comes to pedophilia or transsexuality? Neuroscientist should really do more investigations of real postmprtem brains. I give a shit on these mri or fmri studies. We have to do following: 1. Microscopic analysis of those different part of the brains. 2. Epigenomic associations studies 3. Transcriptome analysis 4. Proteome analysis 5. Metablome analysis

A friend of mine posted this article from The Guardian to facebook about how Early man and women were equal according to scientists. I commented on the page by saying: Another friend posted that he didn't agree and said that he was reading about how most neuroscientists no longer subscribe Triune theory. This is what he said. My introduction to this theory was through watch Carl Sagans Cosmos on Episode eleven The Persistence of Memory. As of now he has yet to cite his sources. What do you guys think? I've looked all over but can't find anything disproving this theory. If you do please share your sources. As far as I can see this makes sense when looking at it f…

I have two questions about the vertebrae: 1) Are the Accessory process and Mammillary process - unique for the lumbar vertebrae or they appear in the rest of vertebrae (cervical, thoracic).? 2) Is there any place (I mean site, page) or table that presents the differences between the types of vertebrae?

I have been reading about Bernouli's principle and would like to clarify something I have read that the total energy of blood in vessels (assuming a vertical position) is given by the sum of pressure energy, GPE and KE. I have seen two different equations: 1) P + pgh + KE = constant 2) P - pgh + KE = constant I am wondering why the sign associated with pgh changes as I cannot find this out. Thank you

As a kid I a medical condition called congenital hydrocephalus, which gave me a big head, my doctor failed to spot it, so pumped we full of steroids to balance out my body to my head as he felt guilty for not diagnosing it. He missed the diagnosis as he rightly thought my mother was a hypercondriac, so didnt even examine me when my mother complained something was wrong with me. The effects of the steroids stunted my growth, my father is 6ft4 and I am 5ft4, he is slightly built i am built like a tank. I struggle to eat enough food, as a small meal makes me feel full, My question is could the steroids have stunted the growth of my internal organs?

Hi, We did a lab where we tested the effects of different drugs on intestinal smooth muscle, and for the lab report we have to explain the physiological mechanism underlying the observed effects. One of the drugs used was KCl, and according to the lab manual, there should be a biphasic response to the smooth muscle contraction. However, I am having a hard time finding journal articles on the effects of KCl on smooth muscle - can somebody help with this? Thanks in advance!

Hi. Is there known cases of Alzheimer's disease cured ? By unexplained, spontaneous, oscure, unknown or known treatments ?

http://www.medicaldaily.com/male-sex-drive-mighty-testosterone-alone-responsible-libido-246793 Hey guys, After reading the above article, I was just wondering, on average at what age do most men reach optimum peak in sex drive? Would it be by age 15-19 (late teens) in association to it being the age in which peak testosterone levels are observed in the body? Is the situation the same for women as well as men on average? Additionally, is everything downhill from your late teens? And are there any ways to increase libido while you age? If you are a man or a woman please share us how your libido has changed or fluctuated over the years in your lifetime. Typically…

It seems to me that evolution is off-topic, or not very important to the topic. More importantly and less contrversially science (the natural kind) cannot explain consciousness, and this alone means giving a negative answer to the OP's question. It hardly needs saying that it cannot explain metaphysics either. Horses for courses.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holonomic_brain_theory Hey all. I'm really interested in this theory developed by Karl Pribram and David Bohm. I found it pretty interesting although it received little attention at the time. Essentially this theory describes the brain as a holographic storage network which uses Fourier Transforms to storage/retrieve information. To put it simple with an example: 1. You perceive a spatio temporal signal (let's say you're watching a 1 minute video). 2. Your brain uses a Fourier Transform to decompose this signal into its constituent frequency components. 3. When you remember the video, your brain uses an Inverse Fourier transform to trans…

Hello. you may saw it many times , that people want to create this and I hope that you want to create it too. So to do this I need few types of people : 1. people that know things about neurology. 2. people that know mechanical engineering , programming and etc. 2. people that know software engineering , web develop , database manager etc. 3. people that know about business (sales etc) 4. people that know how to make stuff with graphics (like logo and more). if u think that you want to join and try to create that thing just pm me

Please recommend any helmets that you've found to be worth buying (kinda like a gear review). I'm considering starting a new bike helmet manufacturing company, so if you have any ideas about products or advertisement placing please share.