Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

What is meant by shed in this context? Mucous membranes are the layers of epithelial cells that line internal organs and form a barrier against the external environment. These membranes secrete mucous in some locations. Microorganisms that become trapped in this sticky fluid are shed from the epithelial surface. does it meant to drop from?

Trypsin is an enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of proteins into amino acids. 9cm³ of liquid egg white (protein) was mixed with 1cm³ of 1% trypsin in a small beaker. The pH of the solution was measured using a pH probe for 30 minutes. The pH at the start of the experiment was pH 7.5. On the axis below, sketch a graph to show how the pH would change over the course of the experiment. | | | | | | | +----------------------

Hi, I realise there is no single answer for this due to the heterogenous nature of mitochondria. The only direct reference I've been able to find was from a researchgate question: This seems a very large number, and I am not sure of the step he takes to conclude that 8,000 10 nm ATP synthases (plus I suppose the corresponding electron transport chains) will fit into a single side of a crista. I guess the cristae fold back and forth between the 1um diameter of the mitochondrion? I also wonder about the ratio of ATP synthases to electron transport chains, and if it is 1:1 as suggested by mitochondrial diagrams showing one ATP synthase per ETC.

Hi I am not sure if this question is quite in the right place, but it seems appropriate. Just been watching the August Space telescope science institute lecture, looking at images and spectra from the James Webb Telescope, https://www.stsci.edu/contents/events/pls/2022/webbs-first-look-images-and-spectra-from-nasas-newest-great-observatory I have a question regarding a slide on atmosphere spectra to determine the composition and have attached a screenshot of the slide According to this, Some of the molecules exist at different ranges in the electromagnetic spectrum for example Water seems to be at between 5000 and 10,000 nm but also between (or …

Approximately how many atoms from a person’s body, with whom I have frequent contact, would I have in my own body?

Human personality is such a vague term, nobody really understands it. In my opinion, personality is a coaliscion of preprogrammed responses to external stimuli.

Hello, can someone describe how work interaction between kation of salt (K+) and G-quadruplex for create/stabilizate of G-quadruplex? I cant find that reaction. Its for my Bachelor thesis. Thank you.

Hello, Where does the carbon 6 hydroxyl group goes after glucose is phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate?

Hello, you researchers and scientists😊. I am working on a project in metabolic diseases, and my focus is on mitochondrial changes during the pathological process. Mitochondria are the cellular energy-producing organelles and are at the crossroad of determining cell life and death. As such, the function of mitochondria has been intensely studied in metabolic disorders, including diabetes and associated maladies commonly grouped under all-inclusive pathological condition of metabolic syndrome. More recently, the altered metabolic profiles and function of mitochondria in these ailments have been correlated with their aberrant morphologies. Here are my qu…

It seemed to have worked in mice https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.1603325113 It seems like CDT worked its way into the mouse’s brain and destroyed the orexin receptors. Could this happen in humans too? Destruction of orexin receptors is what is believed to cause narcolepsy.

Hi everyone, I’m trying to validate the MS MLPA for MGMT for glioblastomas and it requires normal controls. I have no idea why but I’m having a hell of a time trying to extract DNA from normal brain. Is this a thing? I can extract plenty from tumours but not from normal. Using good size FFPE samples (7 slides of 400mm2) I’ve tried the QIAsymphony and the recommended SALSA solution for FFPE, but end up always obtaining less than 10ng/ul (some samples are 1ng/ul) with the Qubit. Can anyone help me? thanks

Hi there, I'm having trouble with a restriction digest of a 5 kbp PCR product. The product was purified using a Qiagen PCR product clean up spin column kit. This product is too big to travel much on the gel, so I confirmed that it is the sequence I think it is by performing a nested PCR on the 5 kbp product to amplify a 300 bp product. This was successful. I am using a double digest of brand new NEB enzymes MseI and MluCI. These enzymes are TimeSaver certified (should digest in 5-15 minutes at 37 degrees) and both have 100% efficiency in the rCutSmart buffer. I set up half reactions of what NEB suggests with 0.50 ug DNA. I also tried doubling the amount of enzymes and dou…

Hello researchers and scientists. I am new to cell culture. In the first picture, is it contamination or just cell debris? How to identify difference between the two? In the second picture, I want to ask how to determine cell confluency visually so from this image, what could be the %? Thank you.

Hi everyone! Maybe the title is confusing: I'm looking for a common/commercially available small compound (if possible, a molecular rotor such as thioflavin and its derivatives) whose quantum yield increases with the solution's viscosity but not with the pressence of amyloid particles. In case anyone's wondering, I'll be using it as a negative control for amyloid staining, this is why I'd rather choose a cheap or commercially available one. Regards! DP

Im working on a project in which I want to compare fermentation rate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under different carbohydrates (glucose, sucrose and starch). Glucose and Sucrose aren't causing me any trouble, but when it comes to a starch, its making things complicated. So in order to produce ethanol, starch has to be broken down into maltose or glucose by alpha-amylase and glucoamylase, that can be added seperately to the yeast+starch solution, or be produced by recombinant S. cerevisae. There are some articles about modified yeast which produces both glucoamylase and alpha-amylase to break down starch. In my study I want to recreate the same "conditions" as they we…

Does anyone know of a web-based program for estimating retention times that is simple to use? I found one, but I struggled a bit with the output.

Our interest is in LC/MS of the peptides, and we plan to work in water/acetonitrile/formic acid. We found a number of protocols for C-18 on line (I can provide links to these), and we are focusing on those protocols that specify formic acid (not TFA). Our Zip Tips use C-18. (1) Are Zip Tips necessary? (2) Given their capacity, does one obtain enough for material for one or for several LC/MS runs? (3) Are Zip Tips reusable? (4) Does anyone have a paper or protocol that is especially informative? Thank you very much.

I found loads of Red Squirrels on the Isle of Wight in the summer, but due to the invasion of Grey Squirrels very few are left on the mainland of Great Britain. Is it theoretocally possible to develop a pharmaceutical contraceptive substance specific to one particular species like the Grey Squirrel, but which would not affect Reds or any other species? We need our Reds back! Cheerz GIAN😊

According to the Chinese media，GenDx biotech, a company listed in Suzhou, Jiangsu, has announced a new technological breakthrough in nucleic acid detection., This new technology is called New ERA and with it, nuclei acid can be detected within ten minutes. Under constant temperature conditions and using unique primers and probes with self-circularization structure, DNA/RNA can be amplified hundreds of millions of times within 5-8 minutes. New ERA technology uses high-end technologies in the pharmaceutical field such as Molecular Design, Direct Evolution, and Affinity Maturation to carry out multiple transformation screenings for PCR and specifically, the poly…

Is potato high in Vitamin K ? Is potato high in Vitamin E ?

Hi Everyone, I am working on a project that requires DNA fragments assembly. Any tips on Ligase chain reaction to use for my project? Thanks in advance.

I’ve only found the generic answer of yes diabetes/kidney infection/kidney disease/renal failure can cause a false positive for benzoylecgonine on a drug panel screening but not how. What is the mechanism that causes this?

I want to study science with the intention of being able to get pregnant and birth a child. Is Biology the field I should study? I have ideas of using either stem cell or gene therapy to be able to grow a uterus thus eliminating chance of immunorejection. Now the question is where do I get started? What materials do I need, where can I get them?

https://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Biomass_v9.png ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Would appreciate some comments on the above. “Surprisingly, at least to me, humans are relatively small” and my second query, what is the "uncertainty" in the given biomass numbers?