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Medium composition has a significant impact on the effects of antimicrobial compounds on bacteria. One of the most common effects is presence of salt, as they are assumed to alter uptake of certain antibiotics. Moreover, nutritional differences can affect how bacteria react/survive stressors including antimicrobial compounds. I.e. measurements of MIC or inhibition zones are highly dependent on the media being used and cannot be easily transferred.

I mean fundamentally it is about whether everyone should have a vote (which sounds, you know, democratic) or whether there one should limit votes to a select group (aka the "good" folks).

I mean, using the same metrics superbowl vandalism could have emboldened them. No you are right, they swallowed the lie, because they wanted to and to a significant degree because they think that creating an ethnostate would finally put them on top. The latter is the closest I can see where BLM could have played a role (I.e. black folks challenging the status quo).

The irony considering that you have not provided anything but your fantasy. As I mentioned, 96% were without incidence and you even as non-Trump supporter thinks that thinks went horribly out of hand. What would be your threshold? 99%? And then why would you think that Trump supporter would use the same threshold? There is not a lot of space there, you know? And considering that many of them think the election was stolen, I doubt reality plays a big role there. Except your claim was that the violence of BLM was ignored or even promoted by folks (without evidence) and that that was the mechanism contributing to Jan 6. Which, again is baseless and continues to reek of false equivalence. If you said, it happened that Trump supporter might believe that, despite it being patently not true, there might have been something to discuss here, but as stated your premise is simply false. I will also mention that in the BLM protests around 15k folks were arrested, mostly due to curfew violations. So about 0.1% of the participants were charged. The actual serious convictions (violence & damages) are much smaller fraction thereof. So again, the initial characterization is at best misleading.

You have not made a case that BLM protests in any way emboldened in any the insurrection. Your claim was that: Except that the degree was low (a tiny percentage of actions became violent), you have provided zero evidence that the violence was overlooked (many were arrested, and there were reports of police violence against protesters and reporters and you also have not shown that violence was encourage by media and politicans. Conversely, we know that the march on the capitol was in fact encouraged and orchestrated by politicians. So the only obvious parallel is only there if we ignore the facts of the matter. Now don't get me wrong, since we are talking about Trump followers, it is quite possible that they think that BLM and antifa are runnink amok and therefore they should do the same. But it should be highlighted that either way it is just a fantasy and they would likely have thought the same if the BLM protests were 100% peaceful.

Of course they were emboldened, by Trump and the GOP that made them believe that they were in right. Heck the BLM might have emboldened them, as they thought that the aggressive tactics against protesters and antifa showed that the police were on their side (and they were not far wrong, a lot of law enforcement were very pro-Trump). But it was not because of violence during BLM protests. In fact they believed themselves to better and therefore clearly did not see themselves in a similar position as BLM folks.

I have my doubts on that. Most reports indicate that despite the large scale of BLM protests (compared to Jan 6 for example), there were comparatively few acts of violence, with more violence directed at protesters than instigated by them. Reporters and bystanders getting shot by rubberized metal rounds by the police, were given as an example, which clearly shows that police faced with violence were far less aggressive during January 6th. In part it was because they were likely understaffed, apparently by design. Data from researchers (Chenoweth is widely cited) collected data from over 7,305 protests involving millions of participants (estimates are about 15-26 million). In about 1% of those police officers were harmed and one was killed (by a far right bugaloo member in California). Deaths were isolated events including Kenosha (where Rittenhouse shot three and killed one). Another killing was conducted by an anti-fascist protester who was in turn killed by the police. In about 4% of the protests some sort of property damage were reported. Considering the overall scope of BLM protests and the incredibly low level of violence (in Germany, soccer season often sparked more violence on a per person level) it seems to me that drawing an equivalence is only possible if one ignores the scope of the respective events.

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The DNA is for the most part the same for most organisms (the organization is different between e.g. eukaryotes and prokaryotes, but that is not really relevant when comparing Neanderthals with modern humans). The only difference really is in the sequence. Much of the sequence will be very similar, but the areas where there are differences can be used to figure out relationships.

It really depends on how you define it, but here is something to think about: https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-moderate-middle-is-a-myth/ I.e. the position of folks who think of themselves as moderates are actually more center-left than truly moderate. And another conclusion that came from various analyses including this one is that the positions are kind of all over the map. Is someone who has a strong conservative stance on immigration but a very liberal in of healthcare really left, right or moderate? If you think you can hedge your bet by simply taking the most neutral position possible (a bit like Biden is trying) then you are trying to appeal to an incredibly small fraction of the voters. Or to put it differently, putting out centrist policies is not going to win a significant group. If anything going economically to the left is more advisable to catch the centrist vote, the rest is rather more or less based on the flavour of the day (or whatever facebook decides, I guess).

In the case of Neanderthals it was the opposite way, they took samples from bodies that were clearly Neanderthal and isolated first mitochondrial DNA (around 2008 ish?) and later on other groups extracted more DNA from Neanderthal bones. They knew it was Neanderthal DNA because a) they samples were obtained from Neanderthals and b) they cross-referenced it to modern human sequences to make sure that the researchers did not contaminate it with their own DNA. The sequencing itself is relatively standard compared to other sequencing projects, the really tricky bit is to extract enough workable DNA. Again, this is something you can read up by looking at "ancient DNA" as keywords.

Well, you advocated for someone who is irredeemably centrist. Since they are a dying breed, you have to take what you can get.

DNA is a fairly new method, falling under the ancient DNA set of techniques and are certainly not the "traditional" way to identify the origins of bones. It is an emerging technique to use on certain bone fragments, as mitochondrial DNA can sometimes be retrieved even from them. But as things go, they are fairly new and not quite standard, I would say. Traditionally, identification can be done based on bone fragments alone, but requires some level of integrity. Especially highly fragmented bones are difficult to identify, but as long as key morphological pieces can be found, experts can assign them with a high level of accuracy.

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Because the strategy of the last few decades is to rile up your base against the other position (regardless what it may be) rather than being reasonable. If you follow the other thread regarding rationality vs logic vs reason, this seems like a situation where being rational (how to get all the votes) trumps reason (what do folks really want). Also while I am not a voter anywhere (for now) I will note that this trend is not unique to the US. It is employed with various success throughout Europe and it is an increasing trend in Canada (probably by diffusion).

I think that "logical" refers to essentially a narrow set of premises which are being evaluated. "Rational" refers to some broader assessments that will take a broader context into account and might dismiss unlikely (or untrue) premises. I.e. the latter is embedded in a broader body of knowledge. I am pretty sure someone with an actual philosophy background ( @Eise ?) can provide a more complete rundown, especially when it comes to the concept(s) of reason. The one I came across often add an layer of morality. E.g. a rational assessment is often utilitarian and is aimed at maximizing some kind of values. However a reasonable approach could take societal norms and their impact into further account (even if the norms themselves might not appear rational on their own grounds). Some have kind of married these two elements (I would think in the line of Kant's categorical imperative) but I realize that my familiarity with that matter has eroded a lot and I may be way off at this point.

As the article states, by keeping things uncertain, the effective result is that physicians are afraid to perform life-saving measures including in fairly obvious cases such as ectopic pregnancies. The creation of an implicit threat seems to be very much by design and aims to take out medical decisions away from physicians into a morality-based judgement system controlled by law-makers.

https://www.vox.com/22961590/redistricting-gerrymandering-house-2022-midterms Interesting summary on that topic.

Other factors, including mitochondrial degradation related to oxidative stress are also commonly associated wit aging, as well as chronic inflammatory responses (both might be at least partially related to the role of diet in longevity). Further factors include mutations and associated dysregulation, proteomic changes especially related to protein turnover and so on. There are many levels to look at the issue, starting from the cellular, to tissue to organs and organismal levels. As such there are many proposals from different specializations and generally speaking it has become clear that many factors are involved, thought he causal connections and mechanisms are not necessarily clear (e.g. do we see protein damage due to e.g. due to mutations are do those damages impact our ability to repair DNA damages? Or do they cause oxidative damages which in turn cause DNA damage?). While I am not expert in that field I also do not think that we have a clear understanding of the relevance of these elements and which one would be more relevant than the other. Often, it depends on the precise research question.

Or a priest. Another issue is of course that unclear rules can result in MDs to be too afraid to do an abortion, even if it can save the mother's life, since they are afraid of repercussions.

I would want to add that in Ireland a woman died of sepsis after denied abortion (resulting in an amendment of the Irish constitution to allow it in 2018), and in Poland something similar happened just last year. So we got fairly recent examples what is going to happen if an unborn (and even dead) fetus counts less than their mother.

Huh, seems that these things require me to get out of the lab more. Not so sure about the facebook thing. Don't trust these newfangled things. I heard they eat your soul. Or maybe soles, not sure, since my spellchecker seems to be on strike. I think I am stepping back from that one. I tried to follow the conversation on how you made it and I think I had shortly an impression of what a grad student understands when I try to tell them how to do something. I mean, nothing that learning, trying and effort won't fix, but not sure about the time commitment nowadays. But still, absolutely intriguing and really makes me want to at least try, if I only could find the time.

Wow, really nice. I keep destroying my cutting boards- (only the big 2 incher survived so far). Now I really want to learn how to do it (or perhaps splurge on a really expensive one, though it won't look at nice at this one).

No, even highly conserved genes we you will find sequence differences and they generally scale with the distance between organisms. Specifically for DNA replication there are marked differences in the structure and replication between eukaryotes (such as us) and prokaryotes (such as bacteria) and require different polymerases to work.

Would you consider table salt (sodium chloride) electrical ?