joigus

Yes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequentist_probability No. Please, explain.

Just today, I was fumbling for the word 'tetration' as a binary operation. Thank you.

In response to your first question: Yes, that's exactly what I mean by a frequentist definition. In response to your second question: I assume by 'my scenario' you mean the molecule-speed vs probability scenario...? In that case, F as absolute frequency (number of times it produced a certain value) would be, say, 1 or two, while the number of times it's been tried would be (ideally) infinitely many. And therefore, the relative frequency would be f = 1 or 2 / infinity = zero. => zero probability does not imply zero occurrences when infinitely many tries are involved. I hope we're talking about the same thing. If not, it's probably my fault, and I apologise. Please, point out to me, if you can, where you made this qualification, as it escaped me. It's a very interesting point to me, as I think many misunderstandings when talking odds come from this, as 'random' could mean Laplace (finite sample space), binomial, Poisson, Gaussian, or who knows what...

Therefore I should have said 'at T=3000K the Xenon molecule is much more random (much less predictable) than at T=298k. I hope I didn't make my argument completely un-understandable. Sorry. I sometimes think I may well have been misdiagnosed as 'cognitively normal' when I may well belong in the 'cognitively-exceptional' spectrum. For some uncanny reason, I tend to express thing the opposite way I mean to.

Yes. Context means a lot for us humans. You were right to say it's not a tool for the masses. I've recently thought of this metaphor: AI, if used properly, should become some kind of pseudopodium stemming from our intelligence, not a prosthesis of it. Unfortunately we see too many examples of the latter, and too few of the first.

Yes, but simply declaring 'lack of information' doesn't determine the probability distribution, does it? Did you happen to take a look at Bertrand's circle paradox? In the case you provide, a relatively-simple change of variables to a certain s=f(pi) renders the probability distribution deterministic in s. If you're not given this information, every digit has equal probability of occurring (as far as we know, because nobody can decode pi in terms of digits), so it's a good generator for the prescription 'equal probability for every digit from 0 to 9). I draw your attention on the fact that 'equal probability for every digit from 0 to 9' is just one way of defining 'random' in this context. Yes, but (I insist) 'random' by itself doesn't mean much. Here's the distribution of probabilities for the speed of a Xenon molecule at temperatures, T = 298 K and T = 3000 K. Both are random, and yet, at T = 3000 K the Xenon-molecule speed is much less random (much more predictable) than at T = 298 K: I should have said 'much more random'. Sorry.

You have to work a lot on your prompt, and diagnose mistakes like these to rephrase your next prompt. And I would add, never venture into concepts that you know even the experts have not reached an agreement on. Machines lack context, while we are context machines. A simple question like, 'how old are you?' could be understood to mean 'how long have you as an individual been around?' or 'how long have you humans been around?'

The infinite-monkeys is a metaphor to illustrate the arguably paradoxical nature of probability. In that case, you take an extremely unlikely event and flood your laboratory with attempts to obtain a succesful outcome. What paradox does it try to illustrate? That, in the limit, even an event with probability =0 is possible if there is a continuum of outcomes accesible. The metaphor makes the point clear even though no-matter-how-big a number of monkeys will never produce a continuum of outcomes (books written at random). But that has little to do with what I was trying to argue. Namely: That the word 'random' doesn't necessarily mean something precise in a number of cases.

Maybe so, but not by a humorous observation on the nature of our expectations. 'Everything that can go wrong will go wrong' is no probabilistic law. Starting with: it's manifestly false. The nature of our expectations is quite irrelevant to the laws of probability anyway...

Unfortunately, no. Murphy's law is not an actual law of probability, but a humorous observation on the nature of our expectations.

I don't think @MigL will like the way this is turning...

Well, the word 'random' is a tricky one. As I said, there is no unique way to define 'random'. People tend to think of random as synonimous of 'unbiased'. Bertrand's paradox --which I also mentioned before-- shows that the premise of randomness as one of total unbiasedness (equal probabilities for all the values of a variable within a range) gives different probabilities for different variables that equally describe the same problem. Namely: Consider an equilateral triangle that is inscribed in a circle. Suppose a chord of the circle is chosen at random. What is the probability that the chord is longer than a side of the triangle? Then Bertrand proceeds to calculate this probability by different methods, all equally unbiased, but with respect to different variables (two points chosen at random, a point and an angle, etc). The answer is different depending on which variables you choose. The illusion that 'random' means something precise comes from: 1) Choosing a discrete set of outcomes, and 2) Assuming there is a probability distribution that's 'written in stone', like, eg, Laplace's rule of equal probabilities, some principle of symmetry infering that (example, the fair coin), etc, so that assigning probabilities is reduced to a counting problem. Otherwise, we need some kind of law or fundamental principle that tells us what the distribution is, like we have in statistical physics, for example.

Big arthropods were peculiar (if not exclusive) to the Carboniferous period, due to the high oxygen levels, rather than gravity. Number of appendages seems to be more of a developmental accident, as most members suggest. Embryonic development tends to follow body plans long past initiated.

Yes, provided you are invited to just pick a letter. But even in that case, if you asked people to try to guess an answer that makes it correct, the sheer fact that people wanted to get it right would shift the probability distribution to more than .25 chance, only because they think that's the right answer! I think that's what @studiot meant when he compared this to the Monty Hall problem. I don't think it's a pure Monty Hall problem with conditional probability hidden in some semantic way. I think there's also a more-or-less hidden self-reference here that contributes to the paradox. Yes, but then you're assuming a probability distribution: .25, .25, .25, .25 and you cannot escape the paradox either. .25+.25 = .5 so .25 would no longer be 'correct'. It is designed in such a way that, if you want to get it right, you'll get it wrong.

The way I see it, the most offending term in the posing of the problem is the mischievous use of the expression 'at random'. Whether we adopt a frequentist approach or an aprioristic one, distributions such us, eg, A: 31.7 % B: 19.2 % C: 16.1 % D: 33 % and, A: 12.5 % B: 23.9 % C: 11.2 % D: 52.4 % are exactly as 'at random' as each other. Too often, people confuse 'perfectly random behaviour' with 'equal probabilities' (Laplace). The best cautionary tale I know about this is Bertrand's paradox: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_paradox_(probability)