Ken Fabian

Since it isn't possible to put the equivalent of compression wrapping around our heads to keep down excess blood and fluid perhaps anti-compression wrapping of the rest makes a kind of sense.

For the first time in 12 years tourists are in orbit (?). But I find little to be excited about - it doesn't come out as a demonstration of how great space is, rather it is a demonstration of the wealth and resources and capabilities Earth has - to be able to do something so extravagantly self-indulgent.

Using wind, water turbines and solar panels... as components of a fusion power plant to turn fusion energy into electricity? I did miss that. My initial comment wasn't a response to any other comments, just my thoughts. I have Li-Iron-Phosphate batteries at home - more expensive than not having them, but not by much. One more halving of battery costs and nothing will be the same. So far not a lot of grid scale storage but one very large pumped hydro project is proceeding and there is a lot more investment in batteries than anyone expected. AEMO's most recent 20 year Integrated system plan, if adopted, would reach close to 95% RE (electricity, with a lot of EV and other extra demand) by 2040. Storage is a big part of that but as AEMO sees it there are other things that can and are being done that reduce the amount of storage, that help lesser amounts of it go further. Not my intention to derail the discussion of fusion. My sensitivities around blanket disparagement of renewable energy got triggered, wrongly in this case - but I also think the larger context cannot be avoided and shouldn't. The Why of ongoing development of fusion immediately opens the discussion up to options apart from fusion, if just to compare. Fusion is worthy of ongoing efforts but so are many other technologies. One would be low cost, ultra safe, mass manufactured modular nuclear power plants - the much hyped SMR... if we'd had those back when climate emerged as a global issue things may have played out differently - something that can be built fast and deliver emissions reductions and political benefits within political timeframes - but they seem as perpetually far off as fusion, always another decade, maybe, more funding needed and not likely to be cheap. Throwing support behind wind and solar hasn't ended up a mistake.

If fusion is so extremely difficult to do at all, doing lots of it reliably at low cost seems a long way off. There is no way we can factor fusion into our clean energy ambitions. Sitting here using solar energy right now (at night btw), I'm inclined to disagree. The Australian Electricity Market Operator believes RE, even without dramatic tech advances, can run most of Australia's energy intensive economy with high reliability and do it with less costs than coal power. Take away wind and solar and there isn't a clean energy transition.

More serious penalties should be reserved for actual instances of infecting other people through their failures to follow community health advice - which I think counts as causing significant harm. I am not advocating jail as the principle penalty for refusing to wash hands or vaccinate but it needs to be made clear that it endangers public safety. I think assurances of public health and safety are a prerequisite for freedom of movement.

If refusing vaccination, masks, handwashing etc as advised to minimise the risks to others is some kind of inalienable human right it is news to me, but if we are to grant that right I think those of us doing the right thing should have a complementary right to hold them legally accountable if we get sick with Covid as a result and sue them for damages. I've had to work with anti-vaxxers and they are dangerous idiots full of contradictory conspiratorial BS who are not simply arguing for personal liberty or only putting their own health on the line; the risks are also to others - even those vaccinated are still at risk (vaccination isn't 100% effective) and there are people who legitimately should not be vaccinated for medical reasons who are endangered. One thing to claim they would rather die than get vaccinated or obey health orders - another for them to be okay that other people to die because they refuse to get vaccinated. I don't think known risks to public health should be off limits for regulation - which I think is the view of a large majority around here; pandering to the extremists is a bad idea.

Whilst nations that can afford it work hard at vaccination of their own populations they appear reluctant to support global vaccination efforts in a big way - not at the scales necessary. New variants are one of the consequences of that parochialism. And whilst developers of vaccines deserve and require a financial return I don't think we can afford ordinary patent rights having precedence over maximising production and distribution; government involvement and support for those R&D efforts has been substantial but could be structured differently to assure the developers recoup or are subsidised for costs without making independent manufacture under license expensive and difficult. Cynically, it seems to be in the interests of Big Pharma to widely distribute such vaccines even with minimal profit - more people who survive Covid will be more ongoing customers for their other drugs - which can be a lot more profitable.

But the link supports 60% of enhanced greenhouse coming from increased water vapour as a consequence of warming due to increase in other GHG's, ie water vapour as feedback. It is implicit rather than explicit - and the title, whilst impactful, could be misleading. Without the changes induced by change to other GHG's there would be little change to water vapour ie it does matter how the capacity to hold water vapour got increased - As for termites, I expect the total water vapour evaporating from an area of land to be quite large even in deserts and the contributions of termites via methane oxidation to be relatively small in comparison. Just to exist termites need and use water (carrying it up from underground sources), with significant amounts of water vapour apart from methane's oxidation. I just don't think it can be a big proportion or big contributor to local air humidity or to global warming - not zero, but not highly significant. I would also note that whilst more downwelling IR in lower troposphere is a consequence of Greenhouse Effect it is a local effect that doesn't directly impact the overall global heat balance; it is Top of Atmosphere - high troposphere to mid stratosphere where IR can radiate directly to space - that is most significant. Raised CO2 raises the altitude where that occurs, where such air is thinner and colder and radiates less. @Peterkin I still expect more loss of overall termite activity from forest and ecosystem destruction than any increase of termite species of concern eating construction timber in buildings. More broadly any cultivated land will have little opportunity for termites and grazing will limit available food for grass eating species. I don't know if there have been studies of changes to global termite numbers. Using wood in ways that lock up carbon make some sense, including selective harvesting of natural grown as well as plantations; as always, sound management is essential. Made more difficult for forestry because of climate change and the long time scales for forest growth. We are in a post-drought, post-fires climate phase around here - there is a lot of dead wood around; whilst many local tree species are drought and fire hardy there were still a lot of dead trees amongst the survivors. Lots of food for termites. Some will get eaten hollow and become animal habitat before the termites eat it all. I am seeing disruption to ecosystems from global warming that mean what comes back is not all the same as what came before.

I was thinking deforestation and agriculture brings overall reduced opportunities for all kinds of species, including termites. For grass eating termites I would expect overgrazing to reduce their food supply. I understand the economic impacts; I'm in a forested part of Eastern Australia in a home NOT well built - it's been the wettest Spring for a long while and they are very active in the forest around us and well within reach. Whilst fence posts and rough sheds in the bush are expected to be temporary structures... if a house gets destroyed that would be our fault - poor design, materials, construction and/or lack of care. Mostly now building standards require resistant or chemically treated plantation timber framing - with those barriers. Or steel framing - with those barriers. Which are not considered absolute preventatives; vigilance is still needed, especially in the tropics. There can still be a lot of wood in a house here. I like wood. It is just a personal observation that the forest ecosystem around here has a lot of termites - many nests of a range of species, whilst in the cities and towns - and in the farmers' fields - they are hunted down and slaughtered relentlessly wherever they appear. And I think modern design and construction is very good at keeping them out.

A lot of effort goes into preventing termites eating buildings and wood products. Building codes around here include significant requirements including physical barriers (eg crushed stone layers and stainless steel mesh) as well as chemical treatments. Posts and piles have to have "inspection" plates - they aren't so much barriers as forcing them to make external routes that make them visible, to allow follow up treatments. Poor construction remains vulnerable but well made structures should manage to keep them at bay. I suspect we have less termites because of humans, not more, and mostly by deforestation and agriculture but if anyone has evidence otherwise I'd be interested. I am always a bit dubious when natural GHG sources are cited as significant compared to human emissions without including the bigger picture - ie The Carbon Cycle - that includes processes that take them out of the atmosphere. Methane breaks down to CO2 plus 4x H2O - but I don't see it significantly adding to water vapor or greenhouse potential from raised water vapor. The overall increase in water vapor is from warmer air - ie from global warming from CO2 and CH4 mostly - which will far exceed such direct contributions, which, like all water vapor, will have a short turnover time in the atmosphere. I don't think the linked reference supports the idea that the water vapor from methane combustion (oxidation) has significant impacts - rather, that water vapor feedback accounts for about 60% of the overall increase in greenhouse potential - "It's water vapor. " Yes, but because of and in addition to raised CO2. Burning fossil fuels of all kinds release water vapor when used - from water content of the fuel or produced by combustion but still small compared to water vapor feedback.

I couldn't find any examples of electrocution from EV accidents but I would be surprised if there none and, yes, I expect vehicle repair and emergency services people to have training, as they should for dealing with ICE fires. Like the fire hazard claim I'd like to see evidence of overall heightened risks. Any evidence of manufacturers doing this, on purpose? Manufacturers considering (say) 10 years as sufficient working life - and possibly an achievement - but failing to do what it takes to make that 20 doesn't look like planned obsolescence to me. As far as vehicle life goes, surely Teslas are up there and it doesn't look like chip failures, planned or unplanned are proving a problem, irrespective of how many chips they use. Leaving aside technological progress that comes with turnover of vehicle stocks, whether it is overall better and more cost effective to build endlessly repairable cars or endlessly replaceable ones could be a question for another thread...

The video was of a battery pack deliberately set on fire. I agree there is a very high risk of catching fire under such circumstances... I had a look for info on EV fires and failed to find support for high incidence. Whilst I will take Elon Musk's claim that ICE vehicles are 11 times more likely to catch fire than a Tesla with a grain of salt - there are other factors involved including average age of vehicles - it did appear based on real statistics that haven't been disputed, 5 fires per billion miles vs 55 per billion for ICE. Over what period wasn't clear. Mostly I found experts unwilling to give definitive answers to whether the fire risk is higher or lower - mostly because not enough data - but they are NOT saying there is any evidence of extreme risk, which they would if crashes have a high incidence of fires. This is not referring to recent and is specifically referencing fatal crashes - I expect fire risk to be less than this in more modern electric vehicles, due to better design - ( https://www.counterpointresearch.com/electric-vehicles-safe/ ) - Don't EV's go through crash testing? Such a vulnerability would be impossible to disguise under such circumstances and would surely earn a zero star rating. I thought my comment was reasonable. I questioned a very strong statement you made that does not appear to have a sound basis. I asked if you had evidence but a video of setting fire to a battery pack isn't evidence and laptop/mobile phone battery fires seems tangential to fire risk of EV's in accidents - did they catch fire when something collided with them?

There is no going backwards. Too many vehicle capabilities - ICE as well as EV, as well as design and manufacture - now rely on them. Yes, more optional and unnecessary (but not necessarily unwanted) features become easy to add because chips make it easy and low cost but a lot of important functions are possible at low cost because of them. Some of those functions probably cannot be done at all without them. The nostalgia for good, old, simpler and more reliable doesn't reflect how much manufacturing costs and vehicle reliability have improved, in large part because of computer chips. EV's look like being amongst the most reliable cars currently available; I don't see how the use of chips can be considered flawed. Between the pandemic upsetting economies and supply chains and vehicle sales recovering better than expected manufacturers (chip and vehicle) underestimated demand but I don't see why this should be a long running problem. It isn't a design problem, just a parts supply problem, that will almost certainly be temporary. Do you have any evidence to support claims of extreme - or even heightened - fire risk? My understanding is there is less fire risk than ICE vehicles (which contain larger amounts of energy in their fuel tanks than EV's have in their batteries). As one expert on EV safety put it, any EV fire is newsworthy, but ICE fires are only newsworthy if they stop traffic. I also note that not all EV's use battery chemistry that is intrinsically flammable and ongoing battery R&D is a major "industry" in itself; we haven't seen the best of all possible batteries yet.

I expect manufacturing and distribution will get over it's current problems and there won't be any enduring chip shortages due to growth of EV usage. Or other growing uses; I look around this desk - laptop, mouse, router, guitar tuner, phone (that can have a guitar tuner app). Thermometers, pH meter, clock... Demand is too strong and growing and microprocessor manufacturing is an innovative industry with opportunities.. They may not be absolutely essential (except for all those uses that aren't really possible without them) but they are the best and/or least cost way (and often most reliable) to do so many things that not making use of them seems foolish.

Is an hermaphrodite form that combines both male and female a different sex? Is an asexual form - neither male nor female - a different sex or not a sex at all? Both occur widely in nature. Epigenetic processes seem to blur any absolute made-from-male+female Chromosomes distinction. Parasitism (and symbiosis) can involve reproduction that is absolutely dependent on other species, including co-opting the biological systems of a host; might it be narrowness of definition that names the hosts as different species rather than, in specific circumstances, a third sex of the parasite?

With zero friction a flywheel should keep spinning indefinitely - but when you draw any energy from it, eg by using it to power an electrical generator, it will slow down. You won't evade the laws of thermodynamics.

My knowledge of the underlying theory is surely weak, however I note the original post posited a simple DC circuit, without transformers. Energy crossing between coils isn't the same thing. If electrons don't shift around then how does energy in a DC circuit flow? Or AC without any moving of electrons back and forth? How do capacitors work if there is no accumulation (or absence) of electrons? I will have a view of the video - although I'd prefer the OP had a summary of what it says.

Off the top of my head (and without watching the video)... leaving aside resistance across such a distance, ie with superconductivity, and absence of electromagnetic fields (the solar system having them) I would expect the initial wave of current flow to proceed at C. An electron doesn't have to travel the full length before there is a current. It should be a bit like water in a primed hose (with water already along it's length) where the flow doesn't begin when the water entering at one end reaches the other end, but begins when the pressure change does (in that case, at the speed of sound). When that pressure wave (is that correct terminology?) reaches the end the water nearest that end flows out first.

Just saying I think flat earth "theory" is pure nonsense. I don't feel any need to justify why I think mainstream science has it right. Moving on...

A disappointing OP. Seriously? Do you use roads? Water supply? Have you or your family received taxpayer funded education? Health services? Do you receive benefits from taxpayer funded Defense services? Law and order? Financial systems that protect property rights and investments? Even if you feel confident you can afford to pay for all the services you need yourself you are doing so in a nation with a functioning government; all that confidence won't do you any good in a nation without one. I am constantly amazed that people cannot see the advantages to them of other people - neighbors, fellow workers, employees for example - being educated and healthy or of having their basic needs met. Don't you want others to avoid dire poverty and desperation and prevent entrenched social inequalities that are breeding grounds for crime, militant protest and revolution? Can't you see any value to you from social stability that basic welfare to others provides. Even the lazy opportunists ultimately aren't winners, even where welfare programs give them some benefit of doubt. Their children, if not them, need basic needs met - and it is worthwhile to offer education, to provide as much opportunity for as many as possible to become productive, with wider benefits than to them alone. I think it is wrong to conclude that free enterprise competition always does things best - or that governments would be better run by successful business people, like a business. A nation is not a business and even the standout business successes don't represent the totality of business efficiency; whilst the inefficient and failed companies and the human toll of their failures don't appear on a winning company's books they are on the nation's books. There is no 'firing' the unproductive citizens to make the nation's books look better. Surely the economic framework that makes such business success possible at all are in large part down to taxpayer funded governments programs and services. The reality is that many nations do many important and essential services better than competitive private enterprise can eg the UK and many other nations do health care using taxation much more cost effectively than US commercial medicine and insurance does it. Their successes should be appreciated more. It is always a case of vigilance and to do government better and to prevent or eliminate corruption - but there are places in the world where you won't have to pay taxes for anything and governments are powerless to make you. They are as far from utopias as it is possible to imagine.

Convection from the tropics doesn't carry air to the poles, just to mid-latitudes - with global warming causing the Hadley cells to expand to higher latitudes, something of concern here in Australia, as Hadley cells are associated with the high pressure systems that bring dry weather and push hot air from Australia's inland to the coast and are making the dry zones bigger. Not sure if enough warming could cause merging of Ferrel and Hadley cells or otherwise change this basic pattern of air circulation - messing with the climate has consequences -

The changes to the climate and weather patterns from global warming will have a bigger impact on winds, local and global average, than the atmospheric impacts of wind farms.

Usage defines words and ultimately trumps any prior dictionary definitions. Even the compilers of dictionaries must bow to common usage - ie even 'standard' and agreed meanings of words get revised (usually by adding a numbered alt definition) according to how people actually use them in practice. If you are engaging in discussions and debates about atheism you need to accept that there are no absolute rules about word usage and if what someone means is not explicit or apparent from context you should ask for clarity. I am not sure it serves any purpose to argue over those differences when it is usually easy to work out what is actually meant so you can argue about that. A bit like how I think arguing about calling anthopogenic climate change "global warming" or "climate change" for common usage is a distraction from what is important and serves no real purpose. .

I too have had bad experiences with Microsoft, eg having to buy a new copy of Windows because the reinstall option went missing from the harddrive - "talk to manufacturer - your original may have been 100% legal but no, you cannot download a copy". Out of manufacturer warranty of course - although I may have had a case, since a previous warranty repair appeared responsible for the missing hidden partition. But I wanted it going again asap. Only to go through the entire new install (with no going back) and near the very end - "Hardware not compatible with this version". Don't know which was worse - paying for that copy or the time wasted.

My first thought was something to do with technical drawing - reminded me of parts from an antique compass or parallel rule, but brass parts were in all kinds of tools and instruments. I have a jar full of odd brass screws, including knurled knob types like shown (but without the other bit), with original purposes unknown. Perhaps paper binding (like externet mentioned) or for mounting worksheets on a drawing board. Just guessing - I have no idea.