Xalatan

It's tempting, though I've done my IQ test before and an intellectual peon like myself most likely wouldn't qualify for such lofty standards :'(

Btw, the triple helix structure does functionally exist in biology - collagen is triple helixed.

There are many types of pneumoniae caused by different organisms. Streptococcal is what you get vaccinated for over 65 but here are many other types. For example, Mycoplasma is the canonical atypical pneumonia associated with younger people. Chlamydia and Legionella are others. Severe influenza that progresses to the lower respiratory tract can also cause viral pneumonia, some fatal even for the younger patients like SARS Coronavirus, bird flu and other orthomyxoviruses.

Gee whiz it's Lewis Carrol, since when did reading Alice qualify for IQ points? :') The pictures were nice. Maybe it tests whether one had gone up to Christ Church or something.

Reputedly they have one of the highest, if not the highest racial IQs. 27% of US Nobel Prize winners, 23% of wealthiest Americans, 21% of Ivy League students, Albert Eistein. Anecdotally, I had the impression a lot of the the smart students in my class identified themselves as Jewish. Maybe true of this forum too.

What are the similarities and differences between adrenaline and cortisol action? One is the acute stress hormone and the the the chronic stress hormone. Please review my comparison to see if I am on the right track: Muscle: adrenaline induces lactate production and glycogenolysis, cortisol induces myolysis. Adipose: both induce lipolysis. Liver: adrenaline induces glycogenolysis, cortisol induces gluconeogenesis from lactate and muscle breakdown. Peripheral insulin resistance: both increases insulin resistance peripherally. It's kinda interesting both antagonises insulin to increase blood sugar level, but adrenaline achieves it using glycogen breakdown primarily while cortisol uses glucogenesis.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brain

The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer. The cell wall is an aggregation of peptidoglycan, cellulose, or chitin depending on the organism.

It may be unique in mice, but my understanding is that the generally accepted view of the amygdala in the scientific community is that it is involved in fear processing and conditioning. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_processing_in_the_brain. I think it's nice they have functionally compartmentalised the amygdala, apparently quinine vs. sucrose can differentiate these neurons. Hopefully this translates to differential pharmacological targeting in vivo.

The amygdala and the limbic system are known to control emotions, so in this sense I'm not surprised they have identified amydala neurons that possess this function. The novelty in the study seems to be that they have functionally divided the amygdala into nuclei using fluorescent or other light-based probes. Positive and negative memories may be routed differently through the amygdala. That's interesting if neurons that route negative memories can be pharmacologically and selectively suppressed. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0896627316001835

It depends on what you want to achieve out of your summer research stint. If you are a hardcore aspiring stem cell researcher trying to get your foot in the door, then you should do your homework in terms of which lab does what, where you are most likely to learn the techniques you need, and specific research questions you are capable of addressing for a 2-3 months project. If this is the case then I would look at the labs where there is a track record of publishing the best iPSC papers, for example. You're most likely to learn the skills you need for a career in science. TBH though if this is trying to look good for your CV for medical school, another approach is to select the top-ranking med schools in the US and go through the labs and what they are doing. For example, in terms of US institutions, Harvard, MIT, John Hopkins, Stanford in descending order. You'll probably find something you like. It's vain but I've seen it being done before, and it works in terms of securing your speciality match. http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2015#sorting=faculty_value+region=+country=+faculty=2453341+stars=false+search= IMO the most cost-efficient approach is to see if you can negotiate a lab that is willing to offer you middle authorship for your 2-3 months worth of service. If this is possible then go there. In my mind this is one of the best possible outcomes for such a short duration of work.

What kind of quality tests did you do of your tap water? You can check the pH, BOD, suspended solids, coliform index, dissolved oxygen content, turbidity, chlorine concentration and more.

Both diseases involve the basal ganglia controlling motor programs and movement. With PD, there is a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, leading to cogwheeling rigidity and pill rolling tremor etc. In Huntington's, there is a loss of basal ganglial GABAergic neurons through CAG triplet expansion leading to chorea and neuropsyhiatric complications.

It's a little difficult to understand your orientation, the cuneate nucleus (or tubercle) should be lateral to the Gracile nucleus at the level of the pyramids of the medulla. The respective fasciculi are caudal to the nuclei, basically axons of the first order neurons in the dorsal column running from the dorsal root ganglia to the medulla. So they should be dorsal in the spinal cord, Gracile medial to cuneate fasciculus.

The tectum refers to the "Roof" of the midbrain, an anatomical area that consists of the superior and inferior colliculi. If you slice the midbrain transversely it is the area dorsal to the cerebral aqueduct. A commissure refers to fibres that connects the L and R brain in some way. For example, corpus callosum, anterior commissure, posterior commissure. Posterior commissure specifically refers to the fibres that join the L and R pretectal nuclei, mediating the consensual pupillary light reflex. Its fibres cross the dorsal aspect of the rostral part the cerebral aqueduct, so its fibres run in the area of the tectum. The nuclei that the posterior commissure connect lie in the tegmentum however, in front of the oculomotor nuclei.

As far as I can see this is a prokaryotic experiment. They could try the same in Yeast. Eukaryotes should be more complex.

This is an interesting approach. Rather than going bottom up to see what creates life, going top down eliminating non-essential genes narrows down the bare essentials for life and may be insightful. 500 genes to code a bacterium. As the article writes, it may be possible to create semi-synthetic life forms this way.

Hmm... Big pharma may not necessarily experience catastrophic loss from inventing a cure; it may have to diversify. If there was a cure for cancer or AIDS, then humans may live longer and develop other chronic or lifestyle diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. If these are cured and the life expectancy of humans are raised further, then degenerative diseases may supersede. It could be that there may always be something to treat, just like there was tuberculosis in the 19th century, AIDS and cancer in the 20th.

This is interesting. I'm not a medical geneticist and this should not be considered expert advice. My understanding of Chimera and mosaicism is like you pointed out, they should logically result in both amniotic karyotypes having a mixture of 45XX and 46XY. As you reasoned, since the fetus is female, 45XX with monosomy 14 may be the genotype of the fetus. However, I'm reading wiki and it says "Fetuses with monosomy 14 are not viable.[1] Only mosaic cases exist and these usually present with severe symptoms such asintellectual disability, ocular colobomata, microcephaly, and seizures." Which makes me wonder about the validity of the 45XX karyotype also. If the fetus is indeed 45XX with monosomy 14, then according to the above, at 14-16 weeks the fetus may not be viable. Or, if it is indeed a mosaic, then the above features may be present. What I may not expect is if the female fetus is normal for its embryonic stage. ​Also, conditions like ring chromosome 14 should also be a type of mosaicism, which doesn't fit the pattern of amniotic cultures.

Also, there was the Andrew Wakefield incident and the MMR vaccine scare. Coming up through the medical school system most are ingrained with the benefits of vaccination and it may be difficult to persuade otherwise.

2.1% of population contracting measles very high actually. For a population of a million, 21 thousand would develop measles if not vaccinated. Talking about the risk of measles complications, the US CDC quotes 1 in 20 will develop pneumonia, the most common cause of death in young children. 1 in 1000 will develop encephalitis, resulting in deafness and intellectual disability. Mortality from measles is 1-2 in 1000. This is also the risk of developing subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. http://www.cdc.gov/measles/about/complications.html

I'm not an expert on Regenerative medicine but my understanding is the field is based around the concept of the inducible pleuripotent cell, ie. Activating dormant pathways in differentiated somatic cells that rekindles its stem potential. Lizard DNA wouldn't necessarily achieve the same because it is the epigenetic regulation of the preexisting pleuripotent genes like OCT4 and Sox2 that induces embryonic regeneration.

The clonal evolution model of cancer is attractive and mainstream. I have also heard of an alternative hypothesis where somatic cells accumulate genetic lesions relatively early on in the human lifespan, for example via viral illness in childhood, only to be expressed as dysplasia when gate keeper mechanisms like immunity become suppressed later on in life due to the process of aging.

http://m.joe.endocrinology-journals.org/content/52/1/51.short http://m.joe.endocrinology-journals.org/content/70/3/439.short It seems if anything testosterone levels tend to rise following masturbation than fall. Interestingly LH levels don't rise in accordance, so maybe the rise is related to local mechanical stimulation of the testes releasing DHT into the bloodstream, via some sort of sertoli cell regulation. (For example).

I agree nanoparticles may be more of a reality in the near future. For example the use of Titania-doped Nanoparticles as radio adjuvant. Or the use of gold particles to cross the blood brain barrier as means for drug delivery. These may be therapeutic mechanisms that could enter clinical trials soon.