Biology

If a chicken lays an egg with salmonella, does that mean its other eggs from that same day will also have salmonella? How does the bacteria spread among chickens/livestock? There's only mention of how it spreads to people, rather than among chickens/livestock.

Hi, I am looking for either a recently graduated biochemist or one who is working in the field to supply a product endorsement in exchange for an equity share in the business. The product is in the cosmetic realm and of course if you think there is no merit in the product then we move on. The business has a concrete business direction with a maturity timeline of five years. Please contact me through this forum. Thanks, John Flores

Hello guys, What does moulting mean. I think it is shedding off the cuticle. But what is the cuticle. Is the outer protecting covering of the larvae, or does the adult have it too. Do you have like multiple cuticle layers to begin with, and then shed them off or you grow a new cuticle and then shed the old one. Do adult parasites also moult. When you see a histological appearance of an egg (example ascaris lumbricoides pic below, can you see the cuticle as well, or does the larvae only have this) Also can the female egg just lay eggs without mating with a male partner, are these called unfertilized eggs. Also what are decorticated eggs. Thanks

i was reading it says some sensory neurons don't convert external stimuli to action potential, instead it releases neurotransmitters, but what do they mean when they say it converts the stimuli into continuous graded potential? isn't this the same as an action potential? what are some examples of nonexcitable cells? do all neurons have voltage gated sodium channels? does fast sodium channels just another word for voltage gated sodium channels?

I need some pure culture of bacteria to perform all experiments like staining, growth rate measurement, biochemical tests for activities etc.... throughout the year.So I want to isolate some unique type of bacteria.It is better if they have more features like endospore production etc..so that I can get results for all the experiments.They should be growing fast.I should be able to maintain them easily without the help of fridge or incubator.It is better if I know what result I have to get after doing test before doing it.So anyone please suggest me any good source, some characters of the colonies of bacteria.(and also name of that bacteria if possible).

Is there a well versed researcher here that can explain if there is any known living organism that consumes inorganic material as its only source of nutrition in today's world. I've heard it said that inorganic material had to be the only likely source of nutrition available to the first living cell, eons ago. Following are two answers I received from another part of SF. Can anyone add to it or comment on the answers?: Thanks, David James Chemoautotrophs (or chemotrophic autotroph), (Gr: Chemo (χημία) = chemical, auto (αὐτός) = self, troph (τροφιά) = nourishment) in addition to deriving energy from chemical reactions, synthesize all necessary organic compound…

I have a friend who is convinced that caffeine is good for you and is not addictive for anyone. I have tried to convince him otherwise but I do not know the science behind caffeine interacting with the body and the mind. My question is: what goes on in your body that makes caffeine have its ill effects? Or its good ones for that matter.

Can anybody help? I read a research article last year by a female professor (I think) based in Paris, published in the last 2/3 years which identified a repetitive ten stage sequence in the DNA codon process. I can't remember where I read it, exactly what it was about or who she was. HELP!! It might be a really good correlation for some really neat bio-mathematics that's just 'appeared'....

Hi Science Forums If educated to an a-level standard (working towards degree level) are there any entry level jobs in biochemistry or molecular biology which would offer great experience for future positions?

Well... I'm posting this in Biology, because that definitely has a lot to do with what I want to do. There is this thing called Bio-medical engineering. And it sounds cool to me. But what exactly do I do if I am a bio-medical engineer? What if I am a biologist? What if I have a thing for math? What if I love the human brain? What if I want to try and figure out a cure for any diseases, like cancer? So do me a favor and mix everything I said up and then tell me what you got as the result, cause it should be my college major. 1 more thing! come check out my new league of legends guide and vote it up http://leaguecraft.com/strategies/guide/18101-tryndamere-is…

Hi Everyone, Ok, was talking to a friend of mine the other day, who said his doctor told him to lose weight, drink a pint of ice cold water.... His logic is it takes 1 calorie to heat 1 gram of water by 1 degree (which is correct) therefore, if you drink ice cold water, the body has to spend calories heating the water to body temperature, and he said that 1 pint would mean your body using an extra thousand calories in heating it up (madness)!!! Now clearly this is the largest amount of b0llocks I've ever heard from a man of science, and as I said to my friend, by that logic when I have a nice ice cold lager, even tho it has 300 calories in it, I would still…

Would it be possible to genetically modify a plant to grow human skin? I think that this would work as and amazing fabric, and i have been reading up oon a machine that picks fruit automatically and they are trying to make a fabric that mimics human skin because they would grasp the fruit very well.

what type of tissue makes up cappillarries, veins and arteries ?

Hi, I've had a contamination of my cell culture and the plate if packed with these square virus-like structures! I have no idea what they are but they are proliferating rapidly. Any ideas of what this strange invador is??!! Thank you. Loukia

how is toxoid prepared?

what are five broad categories of toxin mode of action?

how might you experimentally determine if a pathogen secretes exotoxin?

This itsy bitsy 3mm small wimpy brown creature did something never seen before. Caught a 10mm black spider on its web, about 5 times bigger. It was a very cautious dance and wrapping from a safe distance. The victim was sort of capable of walking trough the captor web but succumbed, later approached to the abdomen end for the kill on a ten minute show. Always considered spiders as the most intelligent animals, more than dolphins and primates, (my opinion) and now there is another facet shown, like strategy, technique and 'balls'.

nitrous oxide is used for anesthesia, can nitric oxide be used for anesthesia? nitric oxide causes vasodilation, can nitrous oxide cause vasodilation? can inhaled nitrous oxide be metabolized to nitric oxide? or vice versa?

I would like to know if someone has ever done migration assay using tissue or cell protein lysate (instead of conditioned media or media + chemoattractant)? If so, is there a better protein extraction protocol that would keep proteins stable for at least 24 h at 37 degrees? Thanks!

in biuret test cuso4 and naoh are use to test it it turns from blue to violet is it alkaline acidic basic or nutral? chemical process which takes place durin g biuret test? what subatances are formed?

Here is the classic conclusion for this topic. Mindless Collectives Better at Rational Decision-Making Than Brainy Individuals Humans often make irrational choices when faced with challenging decisions. Ant colonies, however, can make perfectly rational selections when confronted by tough dilemmas. This isn't because lone ants are especially knowledgeablethey're not. Instead, when ants are grouped together, a kind of "wisdom of the crowds" avoids the kind of mistakes that individuals can make, new research shows. In terms of evolutionary biology, animals strive to maximize their fitness. Still, actions that seem counterproductive and irrational occur not only in …

I am stumped with this question. Any guidance? Two adjacent plots, each 25 m × 25 m, were marked out. One plot was fenced in to prevent grazing. The other plot was marked unobtrusively and cattle were allowed to graze it freely. This regime was maintained for three years. (i) Propose (in a single sentence) a testable null hypothesis for this study. (ii) The volunteer team working on the project cannot decide whether to observe and record the number of species throughout the entire area of the two plots or in smaller representative areas. State the advice you would give and provide one reason for giving this advice. (iii) A member of the team used a transect wh…

I am totally stumped with this question. Any guidance? initial observations of gamma-irradiated and control wheat plants showed that the oldest leaves and coleoptiles of irradiated wheat were shorter than the oldest leaves and the coleoptiles of the control plants. Microscopy was used to establish if the differences in coleoptile length in 7-day plants were due to changes in the gamma-irradiated wheat at a cellular level. Wheat coleoptiles consist of two basic cell types: cortical cells and epidermal cells. A large number of cells of both types were measured in gamma-irradiated coleoptiles and control coleoptiles. The mean cell lengths were calculated and u…

I am new to this to bare with me... I having issues with this question: 1. In pea plants, a plant that breeds true for yellow pods was crossed with a plant that breeds true for green pods. 200 seeds were harvested, and they were planted the following year. All of those progeny had green pods. a. Name the characteristic (gene), name the alleles (forms), and designate abbreviations. b. Draw Punnett square for the cross above c. Draw a Punnett square for the cross of the F1 progeny to one another d. Draw a Punnett square for a cross where one of the F1 is crossed back to the yellow pod true-breeder. What is this cross called? Why is it called that? It…