Biology

To my knowledge there are 23 proteinogenic amino acids. From which 21 are used in eukaryotic organisms. From which 20 are coded by DNA. That's fine. But how many non-proteinogenic amino acids do we know, both natural and synthetic? I have googled inconvenient range of numbers (from 250 to 1500). Write down, if you will, also a source of your answer. Thank you.

In space limited resources and room will encourage us to reconsider food production. A few alternatives I have been thinking about are chimeric plants with enough animal genes to produce meat in their fruit or roots versus synthetic foods compounded from proteins derived from yeasts or similar organisms. A third alternative would be tissue cultures. All would be less messy and more humane, I would think. Thanks in advance for your participation.

I'm thinking it's either transitional, squamous, columnar or stratified....Not sure. Anybody?

Evidently some researchers are experimenting with removing the cells from organs using detergents and whatnot, to obtain a net of connective tissue. This framework is then seeded with stem cells and becomes, ideally, a viable organ once more, fully biocompatible with the source of the stem cells. Comments and corrections on the subject are most welcome, thanks in advance to all participants.

Hi all, We have set up a web-tool to compute mutation rates from fluctuation assays: bz-rates. This tool implements a generalized version of the Ma-Sandri-Sarkar maximum likelihood method that can take into account the relative differential growth rate of mutant and wild type cells. When this parameter is unknown, you can use a generating function estimator to estimate both the mutation rate (nearly as precisely as the MSS method) and the differential growth rate. The source code is also available if you want to re-use the code or make pull requests I hope it'll be useful, check it out ! Best, Alex

Most of Animals have red color blood, but Why Human Blood looks very dark red compare to Animals?

Even for animals there are veterinary hospitals, why there is no hospital for plants/trees?

Hi folks, This is my first post on this forum. I hope this is the appropriate place. Now for my question... On Earth deciduous plants and trees lose their leaves in the fall and grow back in the spring (as we all know). What would happen if we grow deciduous plants and/or trees on Mars, in a protective structure? Would they "know" when to lose their leaves and grow them back? In other words, how would they behave? -grecinos

Why more dosage of sleeping drugs are more danger than more dosage of normal drug? Remember heath ledger's death, main cause is more dosage of sleeping drug.

how lifting ojects can cause back pain? We lift object with hand, so how it effect our back?

i can easily catch butterfly, because it don't have stings like honeybee have, i feel sad for it, if every insect protect themselves, then what about butterfly? How butterfly protect themselves from other beings?

Difference between Drug & Medicine? Both are same?

For plant growth, sunlight plays important role. So if seed is present under the soil, then how it is growing without sunlight?

why eyes banks are not called as cornea banks? i know eye transplant is impossible, so then why eyes banks are not called as cornea banks?

What is the limit for ibuprofen medicine? will it decrease the pregnancy & delivery pains?

Interesting study. Fine particulate air pollution linked With increased autism risk. http://neurosciencenews.com/air-pollution-autism-pregnancy-1637/ What do you think the implications are? Are we all at risk, and can anything tangible really be done to address?

This morning, my father scolded me for getting low marks. I knew that if I started crying, he would stop scolding me. But what to cry about? Then I had it! Yesterday, I saw a video at shock site that I couldn't buy and that made me cry all afternoon! So I thought about the video again. But it wasn't working! Why is it, when we need to cry, it just doesn't work?

Normally I consider myself familiar with sleep and its phases. For example I know that you sleep throughout the REM phase and sometimes nREM although the dreams there aren't as vivid. but a while ago I've read from people who believe that you literally dream constantly. Like even all throughout nRem sleep there are dreams, or at least dream-like experiences like night terrors and that could also be called dreams. At first it feels a little weird to think dreams are constant thing but it sort of seems to make sense when you consider you're right on the edge of consciousness when you sleep. What are your own thoughts?

Anxiety sometimes cause diarrhea, sometimes constipation, and sometimes both. It's interesting because it seems their underlying neurophysiology is somehow different. What are underlying physiological processes that lead to these two symptoms in anxious people? Particularly in terms of the activity of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?

Do people who are born deaf have mental sounds?

I understand that too much close reading will strain the ciliary muscles of the eyes. But what about small fonts? The contraction of the ciliary muscles is dependent on the distance not font size. In other words, it is better to read from a closer monitor with bigger font or from a further monitor with smaller font?

I know that first generation H1 antagonists, commonly known as antihistamines have anticholinergic effects. Their sedative side effects go away due to tolerance, but as for their anticholinergic side effects well that's something that is unknown to me at least. You might say use second generation H1 antagonists, but for this application the antiemetic effects that are unique to H1 antagonists that cross the BBB (i.e., first generation H1 antagonists) are desired.

I know that the [latex]5HT_{1A}[/latex] and α2 adrenoreceptors receptors serve as autoreceptors for serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine respectively and are down-regulated by repeat exposure to their respective ligands, it's believed that this is likely the cause for the therapeutic delay in the actions of antidepressants that target the serotonergic and noradrenergic systems. My question is this: "Is this the case for all autoreceptors? Are all autoreceptors down-regulated by the actions of their respective ligands?"

I'm trying to get the data for the Human and Mouse 12 and 23 Recomination Signal Sequences (RSS), to run a classification algorithm on it. I'm not a biologist, so I apologise in advance for my misunderstandings and confusion. A version of the data is available here, but I thought I would try to get it from www.imgt.org, if possible. There is also another slightly different version available for the mouse here. I'm trying to follow the instructions at IMGT-FAQ to obtain Recombination Signal Sequences for the mouse. Here is what I have selected at the search page: I'm not clear what "Locus", "Main locus", and "IGMT group" mean here exactly. Specifically, what is the d…

In a lot of movies and, more recently, video games, I see people beating the crap out of other people to extract information from them. Their person being interrogated has their spirit broken almost instantly due to how massively painful-looking the torture is, and the information they give is almost always the truth. Take, for example, this scene: www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fR42WhYCqU At 0:30, the interrogation begins. A mere eighteen seconds later, at 0:48, he's spilling the beans. Well, maybe that's a result of several minutes worth of off-screen beatdown. But... what's TRULY impressive about this scene is that Joel knew the man was telling the truth, to…