MigL

Except for the fact that 'frequency' is measured in 'cycles per unit time'. You are then using something, frequency, which is defined using time, to define time itself. Kind of circular reasoning. Incidentally Swansont designs/builds the equipment that measures the 'hyperfine transition frequency of caesium-133'; his area of expertise is atomic clocks.

When I was in high school, English ( literature ) was mandatory. Memorable books that come to mind Merchant of Venice Macbeth Animal Farm 1984 Lord of the Flies The Great Gatsby Of Mice and Men Catcher in the Rye Outside of school, I read mostly Science Fiction.

I can't decide if this is hilarious, or just plain sad ... Shaquille O'Neal Says His Flat-Earth Comments Are 'Just a Theory' While Questioning If Earth Spins (msn.com) We pay these people millions of dollars, and kids look up to them. The internet/TV/Hollywoood has made these people 'influencers', and they are contributing to the 'dumbing down' of society. Of course, I would not say any of this to Shaq's face; he would crush me.

A little 'short' today, aren't we 🙂 ? It's a good thing someone had the foresight to ask what 'TFG' stands for, and someone else explained 'tThe Former Guy', as I was under the impression it referred to 'The Fu*king Goof'..

I prefer N Bohr's 'pessimism'. God does play dice with the universe, and sometimes throws the dice where they cannot be seen.

Are you really asking whether the 'unit' of time is getting larger, or smaller, as time progresses ? And further, does it really matter ?

Yes, but that’s not his sole appeal. Simplistic analysis, but I do know of some very racist people that think he's a threat to democracy also. I have to wonder ... Are 'betting' odds better than polls at predicting election outcomes ? There is money involved, so people may be more careful/truthful with their selection/choice.

I was only looking at one aspect of the problem, the Earth, and totally ignoring the other factor, the moon, in this problem, Studiot. Thanks for always thinking clearly. Just to expand my consideration even further, would the constructive/destructive interference of the much smaller solar tides, with their yearly ( as opposed to the moon's monthly ) cycle, also have some effect ? ( I hope that's not mentioned in your link or I'll look real foolish, as I haven't read it yet )

Sorry, I had not considered that. Not quite sure of the mechanism for going to a 'top' uark, as it has a mass comparable to a gold atom, but even the W and Z bosons of the weak interaction ( 80 and 90 GeV/c2 ), equivalent in mass to an iron atom, don't have enough energy to decay to a 'top' quark. Unfortunately, the centers of neutron stars are just as difficult to examine, as the interior of an event horizon.

That's very interesting. As both Big Bang theory, and GR, assume isotropy and homogeneity of the universe, how do they reconcile with some fundamental aspects, such as lambda being non-isotropic and non-homogenous in these agegraphic models ?

If the Earth was a perfect sphere, and evenly covered in water, I suspect tides would be almost like clockwork. IRL, tides are affected by geography, and water takes time to flow in and out of the 'nooks and crannies' that make up coastlines. I would think ,,,

Before we get too carried away in this off-topic track, remember that almost half the voters elected D Trump in 2016, because a lot of them disliked H Clinton. And a lot more voters came out for the 2020 election, not because they liked J Biden and the Democrat 'vision', but because they had come to detest D Trump's behaviour. That seems to be the direction we are going in; not voting FOR someone we 'like', but against someone we 'dislike'. But to compare your fellow citizens to what the Russians have done, and are doing ... Should we also aim nuclear missiles at them ?

Stick to the subject. What country is invading, destroying and trying to annex another sovereign country, right now ? The American President can go nearly everwhere in the world without fear of being targeted for assassination ( well, maybe not D Trump ). Where can V Putin go ?

In this model, every fundamental fermion or boson has an associated string vibration. Not all particles are fundamental; some are composite. You are trying to get a very simplistic understanding of a very complex subject; not going to happen. Start here Superstring theory - Wikipedia

In Superstring theory, all fundamental fermions ( particles ) and bosons ( forces ) are the result of differing vibrational frequencies of even more fundamental, Planck scale, supersymmetric 'strings'. A composite particle, such as a neutron, would be the result of the vibrational interactions of the constituent quark/gluon strings. A more generalized version, M Theory, and 'branes', considers the implications of some strings being a 'closed loop' and some 'open ended'.

That would be Dr. Vinnie Boombotz ...

Exactly the same way Russia extended her borders from the Kievan Rusus area about 10 centuries ago, all the way to the Pacific and beyond ( alaska ? ) Kievan Rus' - Wikipedia In which case the Ukraine was the 'birthplace' of today's Russia. But why bring the past into the discussion ? Should we compare the behaviour of the Mongol Hordes of Genghis Khan? ( for a 'local' example ) Or the behaviour and conquests of the Roman Empire ? Or the Macedonian Greeks of Alexander the Great ? Or maybe you want to go back to Homo Sapiens displacing Homo Neanderthalis in Europe 35-50 000 years ago, to excuse the fact that TODAY, Russians are invading a sovereign country. n

I think you mean the USSR, not Russia. That happened already in 1989; Get over it already. And stop trying to re-aquire all those now sovereign countries, like the Ukraine, that despise your brutality, and want to govern themselves.

There is none. Quantum field theory by necessity, requires quantum particles, as both 'carriers' and 'manifestation' of the field. If you are inquiring about classical felds, what particles did you wish to consider ?

Circumstances may be different, but the argument can be made that vacuum energy is the impetus for both. That is if the accelerating expansion turns out to be real, and not a figment of error, or the accuracy of our type !a supernova 'yardstick'.

I remember reading how S Chandrasekhar first calculated the electron degeneracy limit, on his way from India by boat, to England, to study under Sir A Eddington. He considered confining an electron to a smaller and smaller box, such that its momentum becomes more and more indeterminate. An early use of the then new HUP, or QM applied to classical physics. At some point the box determines its position enough, that the velocity component of its momentum could be faster than light; a clearly unphysical situation. The electron can then absorb into a proton to become a neutron, which, for the same size confinement ( positional accuracy ), and momentum uncertainty, allows the velocity to be up to 2000 times smaller, as its mass is 2000 times larger. At least until neutron degeneracy is reached. Speculation about quark stars don't make much sense to me, in light of the previous arguments, as they involve going to a much lighter fermion, and unphysical velocities again. But I'm no expert on QCD, and have no idea whether these quarks would act as 'free' particles, or as a massive'combined' particle.

Ahh ... Brings back memories of Thermodynamics classes, so many years ago. Haven't heard 'Gibbs Free Energy' for about 40 years, and I work with Chemical Engineers, and a few Chemists, daily.

Not the transport price you need to worry about. The tariffs Canada imposes on cheap, but good, American cheeses, in an effort to 'protect' the Quebec dairy racket ( and one of the reason D Trump went after NAFTA ), is what keeps our prices high. Best prices on imported "Parmeggiano Reggiano", in Canada, is Costco. ( I like hard cheeses, with crusty Italian bread, and 'Amarone' wine )

Hope she runs as an independent in the 2024 elections. If nothing else, she will draw away some of the conservative votes from the Republicans, making sure D Trump doesn't win the Presidency again.

As the energy supplied by the universe's drop ( slow roll ) from false zero vacuum energy, to true zero level, after the E-W symmeetry break becomes less and less, the exponential inflation also decreases. That is simple enough to understand. Much less understood is the mechanism for the recently detected accelerating expansion of the last few billion years. Perhaps oscillations about the true zero vacuum energy level ?