MigL

That shows your ignorance of the concepts, again. The length ( x axis ) of the 'trumpet' is the dimension of time. By visualizing it in three dimensions, you have one time, and two spatial dimensions. IOW, you are one dimension short of spacetime.

Tom Jones used to have women toss their panties at him on a regular basis while he was on stage, performing. His wife didn't care; in one interview she said "It doesn't matter who pumps up the tires, as long as I'm the only one who gets to ride the bike" Seems a practical philosophy.

Hey, I'm the only one still here from the original discussion ... The property of space we would label 'pressure' imparts energy to that space. Just like a compressed/stretched spring or elastic band, have more energy than a relaxed one. This energy due to 'pressure' provides a positive contribution to the Einstein Field Equations, resulting in greater overall curvature, which we experience as gravity, and a 'brake' to expansion of that space. A negative pressure, on the other hand, would reduce curvature, and allow any positive Cosmological Constant to overcome gravitational binding, and expand that space. This is one aspect of universal expnsion where gas laws don't apply. While one would normally think of a volume of spave as a balloon, and if the pressure inside is greater than outside, the balloon expands, while, if the differential pressure is lower, it contracts, the opposite is true for pressure of space. And this is attributable to the fact that 'pressure' implies a certain amount of energy to that space, like mass, momentum, and any other stresses.

I would suggest moving this to the Linguistics forum, but we don't have one ... Notjhng is generally understood to mean zero, or no, 'things'. We then have to take a look at what is commonly defined as 'things'. A 'thing', in common english, usually means something that can be interacted with by one of our senses ( touch, sight, smell, hear or taste ). Quantum foam, on the other hand, is a hand-wavy description ( people are still working on quantifying it, see spin foam ) of the 'fluctuations' of spacetime at extremely small distances due to the HUP. The vacuum fluctuations ( an inherent property of Quantum theory and the 'source' of vacuum energy ) would localize ( relatively ) large amounts of energy in extremely small volumes and extremel short times creating ( micro worm ) holes and 'bubbles' of spacetime, such that spacetime would not be smooth at these scales, but look 'foamy'. IOW, there is no 'foam', and it is not a thing; just a possible description of spacetime ( the co-ordinate system, if you will ) at its most fundamental level. And you CANNOT get any more fundamental in this universe, so your version of nothing cannot exist. Quantum foam - Wikipedia We have a thread in Astronomy and Cosmology that also deals with this ... Why is there something rather than nothing? - Astronomy and Cosmology - Science Forums You might wanna have a read.

Is this a Language Forum or a Science Forum ? I suggest we discuss the concepts, or any theories, not the terminology.

The 'trumpet' is a pictograph in one space and one time dimension. It is not a model for anything. Who said singularities can exist ? I suggest you do some reading, and get a clue as to the actual BigBang model. Start with this Big Bang - Wikipedia then do some serious reading. Not the misconceptions supported by your 'buddies'. Maybe you guys should get a different hobby; you're failing miserably at this one. ( consider girls, sports, or, if you really wanna be nerds, video games )

The actual reality is that such a state cannot possibly exist in our Universe ! The next closest thing, Quantum foam, is not a thing, but set of rules ( or lack thereof ) that govern spacetime, at extremely small scales. "Quantum foam or spacetime foam is the quantum fluctuation of spacetime on very small scales due to quantum mechanics. The idea was devised by John Wheeler in 1955." From Quantum foam - Wikipedia

Surely that presumes that there is always at least one time dimension in each expression of the universe? Can you demonstrate that is a necessity? Exactly! What does 'always existed' mean, before time arose in spacetime geometry ?

My thinking also John. The OP wasn't "What is an elementary particle ?", but "What would it look like ?". And we can use higher and higher energy probing to get a reasonable 'image' of it. ( of course HUP would then deny us other information )

The problem, as I see it, is that you cannot measure the field of a single charged particle. You need to 'probe' it with a second charged particle. This then gives rise to more and more Feinman paths ( virtual ) as they approach, which when summed, lead to infinities. ( and must be removed by renormalization ) This is only a problem with the model, and how we handle it. I don't expect fields to have any infinities anywhere; just a density distribution of energy, which, if above a threshold makes that virtual interaction, a real particle.

I gotta ask ... Who is 'we' ? Is there more than one of you, in this 49th parallel group, that has severe misconceptions about Cosmology ?

Hey, stop picking on Canada 🙂

Assuming of course you are 'using' visible light to picture the particle in your head ... It will look like a 'fuzzy' volume. Denser 'fuzz' near the center, more rarefied 'fuzz' toward the edges, but never actually ending ( no abrupt cut-off ) You can shrink this fuzzy volume down, by imagining it with higher energy x-rays, or gamma rays, but you can never bring it into 'focus'. It will always be 'fuzzy'.

Not that I habitually insult people ( or, at least, I try not to ), but you don't seem to understand the concept of an insult. The point of an insult would seem to be, to 'hurt' the intended victim by disparaging something of a personal nature. Sexuality, gender, ethnicity, hair color, speech patterns, etc. all fall into that category, and are thus used. And it may have nothing to do with any biases on the part of the insultor.

I don't think you'd be breathing anyway, at anything over 10 g, never mind 850 g. Sorry Halc. I meant only that subset of tidal effects which originate from the fact that field lines are not parallel in a gravitational field, but spread out from the CoM. ( but I didn't know how to put that in a few words )

I walked into a coffee shop one day, where some guys were having an interesting conversation, so I joined in the conversation. I got something out of it, and I gave something back. I've since returned to this coffee shop every day, met the same people, and had interesting coversations/discussions about many subjects; as long as I keep getting something out of the discussions, and my imput is welcome, I'll keep coming back. Why should I care who originally built the coffee shop, or what its intended purpose was ? Don't overthink it; it's just a discussion forum.

At least it wasn't another Bernie/mittens photo meme. That was done to death.

We must all be bored... We're talking about the weather.

Unfortunately Zap, whenever you use one of these analogies, people always ask "What's the space inside the balloon ?" or " What is the raisin bread expanding into ?" I would assume that anyone on this forum has a little bit of scientific inclination, and knows how to do an internet search. Give them the actual explanation; separation between things, at very large scales, is increasing. And that is happening all through the universe, so there is no inside or outside of an 'expansion'. That last picture you presented of the 'doughnut' shaped universe is more than a little misleading, BeeCee. A flat sheet of paper cannot be rolled up into that shape in three dimensions. The inside ( next to the hole ) will have negative curvature, while the outside * large circumference ) will have positive curvature. A better way to imagine the concept of a hypertorus is the old Asteroids video game; but it is hard ( impossible ? ) to illustrate in 3D. The flat video screen is 'rolled up' in four dimensions, such that the top edge identifies with the bottom edge, and independently, the left edge is 'rolled up' to meet the right edge. In three dimensions you would see spaceships disappear off the right side of the flat screen, and re-appear on the left side. Similarly for the top and botton edges of the flat screen.

If it wasn't for all the accidents and people suffering the cold, I'd find it funny that people in places like Texas have a couple of days of bad weather and they lose their minds. Try living in Canada or even the American mid-west. Temperatures last night were -15o C , and I have a foot of snow outside my door. Life goes on as normal.

I wouldnt go that far. China tried control news coming out of the country, that it had everything in control. They let the rest of the world know, only when they realized it was out of control. In effect, they had a stick of dynomite, they lit the fuse, and handed it to the rest of us when the fuse was half burned. On the other hand ( as CharonY likes to point out ), we took the stick of dynomite with the lit fuse, and put it in our back pocket, without taking any precautions or making any preparations. Multiple failures all around.

That is something that a lot of ( sensible ) people find hard to swallow. The fact that the chief orchestrator of the Capital riot seems to have gotten away with no repercussions. And a lot of the people who helped him avoid repercussions are the same people who supported his 'stolen election' claims that seeded the insurrection and riot.

As if Republicans didn't have enough problems, with the growing divide between members who want to hang on to power at any cost and those few who want to do the right thing, the 'fight' for control of the Republican party between M McConnel and D Trump, and now we learn that Rush Limbaugh has passed away. Not to make fun of anyone's passing, but maybe the last 4 years were too much stress on his heart.

Then again, there's also this ... A genomic region associated with protection against severe COVID-19 is inherited from Neandertals | PNAS Which suggests that a genetic mutation found to reduce the risk of severe Covid-19 outcomes by 1/5, was found in all existing samples of Neanderthal DNA, and in about 1/3 of samples from people of European and Asian origin. Make of it what you will , but it does suggest genetic factors cannot be dismissed entirely.

Even for GR where gravity is not actually considered a force, the Equivalence Principle suggests that acceleration is equivalent to gravity ( without tidal effects ). That is why we can expess acceleration in g , or multiples of 9.8 m/s/s. IOW, an acceleration of 2g is equal to 19.6 m/s/s , and you would be 'pushed back' as if you weighed twice your normal weight, or the Earth's gravitational force was doubled.