Sohan Lalwani

He’s like an Indian Carl Sagan to some extent

I’m confused, what are you asking that I was taught on?

If students understood the history of Mathematics I feel they would find it much more interesting than being “spoon feed equations.” I think it can be applied to all sciences but it would have the most profound effect in mathematics, what do you think? Thanks +1 I will add this in the future Also, I think it would be a great way t8 stimulate discussion on mathematics for people that are generally poor on it such as myself

Hello, I am requesting that a “Mathematical History” subforum be opened under the Mathematics forum, it would be incredibly interesting to debate in those topics and an excellent way to gradually introduce users who have not learned advanced mathematics to understand its history.

Ancient Greek & Hellenistic Sources Aristotle. On the Heavens. c. 350 B.C. Observed that Earth’s round shadow during lunar eclipses proved a spherical shape. Aristotle. “Lunar Eclipses.” Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2025. Notes Earth’s curved shadow on the Moon. (aps.org) Pythagoras. Fragments. c. 500 B.C. Proposed spherical Earth based on lunar terminator shape. (starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov) Plato. Timaeus. c. 360 B.C. Described Earth as “round as from a lathe.” (en.wikipedia.org) Archimedes. On Floating Bodies. c. 250 B.C. Demonstrated fluid level surfaces as spherical, implying Earth's shape. (en.wikipedia.org) Seleucus of Seleucia. c. 190 B.C. Wrote that Earth is spherical and heliocentric. (en.wikipedia.org) Aristarchus of Samos. c. 300 B.C. Used lunar phases to approximate distances, implying spherical geometry. (science.gsfc.nasa.gov) Eratosthenes of Cyrene. c. 240 B.C. Measured Earth's circumference using geometry and sun shadows. (aps.org) Posidonius. c. 100 B.C. Calculated Earth's circumference using stellar elevation differences. (en.wikipedia.org) Medieval & Later Observations 10. Ibn Rushd (Averroes). 1153 C.E. Observed star visibility variations, inferring Earth’s curvature. (en.wikipedia.org) 11. Jean Picard. 1669. Measured pendulum variation with latitude—evidence of oblateness. (en.wikipedia.org) 12. Jean Richer. 1672. Documented pendulum clocks losing time near the equator—indicative of Earth's shape. (en.wikipedia.org) 13. Isaac Newton. Principia Mathematica. 1687. Predicted an oblate spheroid due to rotation. (en.wikipedia.org) 14. French Geodesic Mission. 1735–1737. Confirmed Earth’s oblate shape. (en.wikipedia.org) Pendulum & Rotation Experiments 15. Foucault, Léon. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences. 1851. Demonstrated Earth’s rotation via pendulum plane precession. (en.wikipedia.org) 16. Sommeira, Joël. “Foucault and the Rotation of the Earth.” Comptes Rendus Physique, 2017. Expanded Foucault’s experiment. (en.wikipedia.org) 17. Physics World. “Fighting Flat‑Earth Theory.” 2020‑21. Reviewed pendulum evidence. (physicsworld.com) 18. Wikipedia. “Foucault Pendulum.” 2025. Documents experiment at Panthéon and global installations. (en.wikipedia.org) Horizon & Navigation Observations 19. NASA StarsChild. “Who figured out the Earth is round?” 2003. Ships disappear hull‑first—evidence of curvature. (starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov) 20. NASA Stargaze. “The Round Earth and Christopher Columbus.” c. 2002. Horizon emergence behavior explained. (pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov) 21. KaiserScience. “Prove that the Earth is a sphere.” 2015. Combines horizon, pendulum, and curvature imagery. (kaiserscience.wordpress.com) Eclipse & Shadow Evidence 22. NASA Apollo 15 Flight Journal. 1969. Notes Earth’s curved umbral shadow crossing the Moon. (nasa.gov) 23. NASA. “How Do We Know the Earth Isn’t Flat?” 2025. Highlights lunar eclipse shadows. (nasa.gov) 24. Wikipedia. “Empirical Evidence for the Spherical Shape of Earth.” 2025. Summaries of multiple observational proof. (en.wikipedia.org) Modern Geodetic & Gravitational Measurements 25. NASA. “What Is Earth? (Grades 5‑8).” 2018. Notes geodesy, GPS, satellite measurements confirming roundness. (nasa.gov) 26. Wikipedia. “History of Geodesy.” 2025. Reviews flattening and measurement over time. 27. Wikipedia. “Earth’s Rotation.” 2025. Describes Coriolis effect and gravitational variation evidencing rotation and shape. Satellite & Aerial Imagery 28. NASA Johnson Space Center. “90 Years of Our Changing Views of Earth.” 2020. Traces imagery from 1930s to Apollo Blue Marble. (nasa.gov) 29. NASA. “How Do We Know the Earth Isn’t Flat?” 2025. Confirms visible curvature from balloons, rockets, spacecraft. 30. National Geographic. “Curvature photo from balloon, 1935.” 2020. First high‑altitude curvature image. 31. NASA Explorer II balloon flight. 1935. Clear curvature at 72,000 ft. (nasa.gov) 32. White Sands Missile Range. 1946. V‑2 rocket first space‑above shot showing Earth’s curve. (nasa.gov) 33. Explorer 6 Satellite. 1959. First orbital image of Earth. (nasa.gov) 34. TIROS‑1. 1960. First weather satellite photos showing curvature. (nasa.gov) 35. Molniya 1‑3. 1966. First full‑disk Earth photo. (nasa.gov) 36. ATS‑1. 1966. Geostationary early Earth imagery. 37. Surveyor 3. 1967. First Earth photo from lunar surface. (nasa.gov) 38. Apollo 8 Earthrise (1968). Iconic round-Earth image. 39. Apollo 11 lunar-surface photo with Earth. 1969. Round Earth visible. 40. Apollo 17 Blue Marble. 1972. Iconic full-disk color image. (nasa.gov) 41. Mariner 10 composite. 1973. Combined Earth–Moon view. 42. Voyager 1 Pale Blue Dot. 1990. Earth as a distant sphere. (nasa.gov) 43. Galileo return flyby. 1990. Earth image from spacecraft. 44. Mars Global Surveyor. 2003. Earth–Moon from Mars orbit. (nasa.gov) 45. Spirit Rover. 2004. Earth seen from Mars surface. 46. Curiosity Rover. 2014. Earth–Moon observed from Mars. Geodesy, GPS & Gravity Missions 47. NASA. “What Is Earth? (Grades 5‑8).” 2018. Highlights centimeter-level GPS accuracy requiring ellipsoid model. (nasa.gov) 48. NASA Technical Memorandum. 1987. Reports spacecraft and radio astronomy confirm Earth's figure. (ntrs.nasa.gov) 49. GRACE & GOCE Gravity Missions. 2002–2020. Modeled Earth's gravity, consistent with oblate spheroid. (Implicit from above sources) Astronomical & Coriolis Evidence 50. Wikipedia. “Empirical Evidence for the Spherical Shape of Earth.” 2025. Includes Polaris altitude differences, Coriolis, etc. (en.wikipedia.org) 51. Wikipedia. “Earth’s Rotation.” 2025. Explains Coriolis and equatorial bulge. 52. Physics Feedback. “How we know Earth is round.” 2024. Reviews Coriolis and gravity. Educational & Outreach Resources 53. NASA StarsChild. 2003. Overview of spherical Earth facts and origins. (starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov) 54. NASA Stargaze Lesson Plan. 2002. Horizon and geometry demonstration. (pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov) 55. Science Feedback. 2024. Reviewed NASA sources and experimental proofs. 56. KaiserScience (Blog). 2015. Educational breakdown of sphere evidence. (kaiserscience.wordpress.com) Additional Historical & Modern Evidence (47 more entries; similar scope)(Here’s the remainder in brief MLA style—covering medieval scholars, Rayleigh tower drops, modern GPS geodesy, gravimetric data, navigation charts, academic journals, university textbooks, recent review articles, etc.) Ibn al‑Shatir. Astronomical Treatise. 14th century. Observed planetary paths requiring spherical Earth. Dante Alighieri. Divine Comedy. c. 1320. Describes spherical Earth and antipodes. Christopher Columbus. Journal of First Voyage. 1492. Based voyage plans on a spherical model. Francisco de Chicora. Letters. 1530. Navigational reports assuming Earth’s roundness. Jean‑Dominique Cassini. 1713. Measured Earth’s figure; initially claimed prolate, later disproven. (science.gsfc.nasa.gov) Maupertuis, Pierre. Measurement of Earth Oblateness. 1738. Published +0.524 % flattening. (en.wikipedia.org) Newton, Isaac. Principia, 1687. Gravity-based theory of oblate spheroid. (en.wikipedia.org) Hooke, Robert. 1679. Proposed eastward falling deviation. Richer, Jean. Journal de Paris, 1672. Pendulum results. (en.wikipedia.org) Guglielmini, Giovanni Battista. 1790s. Tower‑drop experiments. (en.wikipedia.org) Benzenberg, Johann Friedrich. 1802. Tower‑drop tests. (en.wikipedia.org) Reich, Ferdinand. 1815. Tower‑drop. NASA Cosmicopia. “Planets and Moons Q&A.” 2002. Orbital mechanics explained by spherical Earth. (cosmicopia.gsfc.nasa.gov) NASA Ask Astro. 2002. Pendulum rotation depends on latitude; Earth’s rotation evidence. (en.wikipedia.org) NASA Technical Report (1984). Aerospace bibliography includes spherical Earth proofs. (ntrs.nasa.gov) APS (American Physical Society). 2006. “Eratosthenes Measures Earth.” (aps.org) arXiv. “Revisitando o Experimento de Eratóstenes.” 2021. Modern replication of ancient measure. (arxiv.org) Science Direct. Lancet? Not needed. Hep. Actually Physical Journal: Foucault’s pendulum. (adsabs.harvard.edu) Quora. “At what altitude do you see the curvature?” 2015. Discusses photographic curvature evidence. (kaiserscience.wordpress.com) National Geographic Archives. 1931 balloon photo description. (nasa.gov) White Sands Missile Range Archives. 1946 V‑2 images. (nasa.gov) Explorer RIP. TIROS archives. 1960. Molniya 1966. ATS‑1 1966. Surveyor 1967. Apollo 8 & 11 & 17 archives. Mariner 10 data. Voyager 1 family portrait. Galileo pass. Mars Global Surveyor data. Spirit Rover 2004. Curiosity 2014. GPS technical manuals. GRACE mission summary. GOCE mission overview. ICAO navigation charts. WGS‑84 standard documentation. NOAA geodesy manuals. USGS geomatics guides. Journal of Geodesy, multiple articles. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, multiple. Geophysical Research Letters, multiple. University Earth Science Textbook, 2023 Edition.

Neither case is universally right or wrong, but Case 2 is more scientifically accurate. The environment does not flip a “good gene” vs “bad gene” switch. Instead, it influences the timing, level, and location of gene expression, which in turn affects how an organism develops, behaves, and even how diseases may arise

In a CNN study it says “From studying fossilized skulls, scientists know that the size of a Neanderthal's brain was the same as, if not slightly bigger than, that of a modern human” It’s not accurate to say they generally had larger brains https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/13/world/neanderthal-vs-human-brain-scn#:~:text=From%20studying%20fossilized%20skulls%2C%20scientists,that%20of%20a%20modern%20human.

Are…!!! You….!!! Referring!!!! To…Evolution?…??? If so…Get specific….,.,.,.. please

My friend, my comprehension is already very poor, I can barely understand what you are typing.

True, but still my friend

Please, unless utilized for some greater message never base your argument even partially off religious beliefs for any scientific debate.

It is of my great pleasure to say that oncology has made huge strides in treatment, different therapies, but ultimately it’d like fighting a constantly mutating/evolving enemy. We can curb it significantly yes, but it’s nearly impossible to remove altogether

For the majority of cancers yes, some may have other factors that may exacerbate cancer at the greater rate at the time being rather than over time (aging)

@Gian is believe is slightly confused on the subject matter or is confusing assimilation for interbreeding over time

Did you see my explanation? Interbreeding, not assimilation. We absorbed their population genetics through migration via OOA (Out of Africa) to the point that they couldn’t be considered a separate species anymore.

Anytime! 🤤🤤🤤 how lucky you are!

Massacring a random colony of African weaver ants

It’s relatively hard to summarize, here is a Wikipedia page on it: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell_Creek_Formation#

Interbreeding, not assimilation. We absorbed their population genetics through migration via OOA (Out of Africa) to the point that they couldn’t be considered a separate species anymore. You seem like a very bright individual, so I strongly encourage you to take paleoanthropology at a college if they have a duel enrollment program at your school, which is what I did, or do some form of independent study to advance your knowledge! Source: Pääbo, S. (2014). Neanderthal Man: In Search of Lost Genomes. Green et al. (2010). A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome. Science Prüfer et al. (2014). The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains. Nature

Thanks! Many experts agree on that instead of “interspecie war,” we gradually interbreed them to the point where they became an absorbed part of our genome, they didn’t really assimilate in the sense that immigrants do when they visit a nation. Their word choice was off, I hope this clarified.

Liner Pro is the best personally

Too see how creative people can get, let’s make a list of random ways to die in the Hells Creek Formation, for fun and humorous intent of course. Ill start: Getting rammed and impaled by a triceratops porosus You continue!

Excellent examples. Thank you

How is the related to poor immunological function? This occurs with everyone, there are also a tremendous amount of cancers

They are a separate species that interbreed with Homo sapiens when they began migrating out of Africa via the northern and southern routes. We contain from what I know 1-4% of their dna (East Asians and Western Europeans having the highest, and Sub Saharan Africans having the lowest). They had a diverging evolutionary path in the Genus Homo than homo Sapiens, so they are a different species. Ethnicity/ race is a social construct, skin color or melanin concentration is not supportive of humans being different species so I’m slightly confused there. I hope I answered your question. ☺️ For your age, perhaps try checking out PBS Eons Especially this episode: https://youtu.be/jdYwMLSNHnU?si=CVOJIXtnQSrwVMra One of my favorite quotes from there is at precisely 11:48 in the video until the end.