Sohan Lalwani

Thanks for the excerpt, it was quite nice to read +1

Agreed!

it’s not like the extinction event occurred because of internal factors on earth, it occurred some giant space rock decide to hurl itself at Earth and end glorious amount of biodiversity in the late Cretaceous 💔

First, quantitative studies show that dinosaur diversity reached its highest point in the Late Cretaceous. According to data compiled in the Paleobiology Database, over 70 percent of all known dinosaur genera lived during the Cretaceous, with the greatest number concentrated in the Campanian and Maastrichtian stages. The Jurassic, in contrast, represents a smaller fraction of total dinosaur diversity, with fewer documented clades and less ecological specialization. Second, the Cretaceous period witnessed the most extensive radiation of major dinosaur groups. Ceratopsians, ankylosaurs, hadrosaurids, and derived coelurosaurian theropods like tyrannosaurids and dromaeosaurids appear and diversify only in the Cretaceous. No true ceratopsids or hadrosaurids are known from the Jurassic. These groups developed complex anatomical adaptations such as advanced chewing mechanisms, kinetic skulls, and elaborate cranial ornamentation that have no precedent in the earlier Mesozoic. Third, the Cretaceous saw the full geographic colonization of all major landmasses. By this time, continental drift had created substantial geographic isolation, driving divergent evolution and regional endemism. For example, abelisaurids thrived in South America, India, and Madagascar, while tyrannosaurids evolved exclusively in Laurasia. This pattern contrasts with the Jurassic, when the supercontinent Pangaea limited geographic separation and therefore reduced evolutionary differentiation. The Cretaceous fossil record contains the best examples of complex food webs involving dinosaurs, mammals, birds, reptiles, and angiosperms. Hadrosaurids like Edmontosaurus and Corythosaurus exhibit highly specialized dental batteries with hundreds of closely packed teeth capable of processing fibrous plants. Ceratopsids like Triceratops show evidence of herd behavior and niche partitioning. The co-occurrence of multiple apex predators in Late Cretaceous formations, such as Tyrannosaurus rex, Dakotaraptor, and Acheroraptor, indicates trophic structures far more intricate than those observed in Jurassic ecosystems. The rise of angiosperms during the Cretaceous also reshaped terrestrial ecology. Molecular clock estimates and palynological records suggest that flowering plants originated in the Early Cretaceous and underwent explosive diversification by the Late Cretaceous. Dinosaur herbivores adapted rapidly to this botanical revolution. The evolution of shearing jaw mechanics in hadrosaurs and complex gut contents in nodosaurids suggest an advanced digestive ecology closely tied to angiosperm consumption. These plant-dinosaur interactions were largely absent during the Jurassic, which was dominated by gymnosperms and simpler feeding strategies. Cretaceous theropods also displayed the greatest morphological experimentation. Derived maniraptorans such as Velociraptor, Microraptor, and Troodon show evidence of feathers, semi-lunate carpal bones, and advanced neurological structures. Fossils from the Yixian Formation and other Lagerstätten in China reveal a continuum from non-avian theropods to true birds. This includes taxa such as Archaeopteryx, Confuciusornis, and Ichthyornis, which document critical stages in the evolution of flight, endothermy, and avian respiration. The evolution of powered flight and the origin of birds occurred exclusively in the Cretaceous, not the Jurassic. The culmination of the Cretaceous in the Cretaceous Paleogene mass extinction further highlights its biological and geological significance. The Chicxulub impact event, confirmed through iridium anomalies and shocked quartz at the Cretaceous Paleogene boundary, marks one of the most dramatic biotic turnovers in Earth history. This event terminated non-avian dinosaurs, ammonites, and many marine reptiles, and created ecological space for mammalian and avian expansion in the Cenozoic. The magnitude of this extinction underscores how dominant and widespread Cretaceous dinosaurs had become. In contrast, the Jurassic lacks this degree of diversity, ecological innovation, and evolutionary significance. Most Jurassic dinosaurs were dominated by sauropods, basal theropods, and stegosaurs. While impressive in size, they show relatively conservative anatomical designs. No true hadrosaurs, ceratopsians, or advanced maniraptorans appear in Jurassic strata. Moreover, Jurassic floras were less dynamic, dominated by cycads, conifers, and ferns, which supported less specialized herbivore diets. I look forward to everyone's input!

That has been me

It’s basically saying “Hey guys if I knew there would be a war I would not have posted the link”

Glad to hear you agree! You made some some good points on a “common morality” +1

To answer your question in the title, the Zeiss Ultra Plus Microscope is a very powerful tool that scientists use to see things that are way too small for regular microscopes. Instead of using light to look at things, it uses a beam of electrons. This lets it zoom in much more and show super fine details, even at the level of atoms or tiny structures inside materials or cells.

I learnt that the is a “search engine” for exoplanets, try typing one into the search bar NASA ScienceKepler-1647 b - NASA ScienceKepler-1647 b is a gas giant exoplanet that orbits a F-type star. Its mass is 1.51968 Jupiters, it takes 3 years to complete one orbit of its star, and is 2.7205 AU from its star. Its discovery was...

The universe does expand, this was already observed. Unless you have a counter observation I am suspicious

Very interesting, thanks!

Good to hear! Thanks @studiot +1 Does anyone remember the eastern tree frogs from Chernobyl and how they became increasingly melanated when you GRT closer and closer to the exclusion zone?

I’m gonna ask how you can prove the earth is 6000 years old

I believe AP and NYT reported on the topic saying a ceasefire has been declared To my knowledge it does exist my friend, multiple major news outlets have reported it I was just about to celebrate the ceasefire dammit

There have been multiple news reports on this so yes, I do.

I believe Trump announced a ceasefire between Iran and Israel. More 🇺🇸🤝🇮🇱🤝🇵🇸🤝🇮🇷 and less 💣💣💣💣💣

Ah ok I see. Apologies then

You seem like an intelligent person, let’s at the bare minimum attempt to reason with them a little more, if they refuse to accept information and think critically it’s their loss not ours.

They are confusing a lot of information, I feel that is likely why there is such a disconnect

Explain to me how the earth is 6000 years old Imagine a long line of ancestors, going back millions of years, each one adapting and responding to the challenges of its time. These ancestors were not apes in the way we think of modern gorillas or chimpanzees, and they were certainly not human as we are today. But they were part of the larger family of primates, and they share with us a deep biological legacy that can be studied through fossils, anatomy, and genetics. We call this group the hominins. This term refers to the lineage that includes modern humans and all of our extinct relatives after the point at which we diverged from the lineage that led to chimpanzees. What is interesting is that this divergence did not happen suddenly or arbitrarily. Instead, the scientific evidence indicates a gradual shift over time. In fact, there is no one moment you could point to and say, this is where a human appeared from nowhere. It is more like a slow transformation, much like the way a child grows into an adult. No single day makes the child become an adult, but over time, the difference becomes obvious. Let us begin in Africa around seven million years ago. One of the earliest known members of our lineage is a species called Sahelanthropus tchadensis, discovered in Chad. This species had a small brain, more like that of an ape, but what surprised scientists was the placement of the opening where the spinal cord enters the skull. It was more forward-facing, suggesting that this being may have walked upright at least some of the time. Upright walking, or bipedalism, is one of the defining traits of hominins. A few million years later, we see another important group, called Australopithecus. This genus includes several species, the most famous of which is Australopithecus afarensis. You might have heard of "Lucy," one of the most complete fossils from this group. Lucy lived around three and a half million years ago. Her bones show a fascinating blend of traits. She had a small brain and long arms, but her pelvis and leg bones clearly show that she walked upright like us. Lucy and her kind were still very comfortable climbing trees, but they were becoming more and more adapted to life on the ground. The next major step in this story is the emergence of the genus Homo, which includes us, Homo sapiens. The earliest known species in this group is Homo habilis, often referred to as the "handy man" because of the association with stone tools. This species lived around two and a half million years ago and had a larger brain than the australopiths. These early humans likely scavenged meat and used tools to crack bones or scrape hides. Their hands were more dexterous, and their teeth suggest a varied diet. Following Homo habilis, we find Homo erectus, a remarkable species that appeared nearly two million years ago. This species had a brain size approaching modern levels and was fully committed to walking on two legs. Fossils of this species have been found far beyond Africa, in regions such as Indonesia, China, and Georgia. This tells us something powerful about their behavior. They were not only surviving, they were exploring. They mastered fire, built shelters, and likely had the ability to communicate in complex ways. What we see in this pattern is a story of adaptation and survival. These hominins were not random creatures popping into existence, but individuals shaped by their environments over generations. Their bones, tools, and artifacts are not myths or legends. They are real and they can be touched, measured, and dated using many independent scientific techniques. And then, somewhere between three hundred thousand and two hundred thousand years ago, we see the appearance of our own species, Homo sapiens. These early modern humans had sophisticated tools, made art, buried their dead, and probably had spoken language. They lived alongside other human relatives, such as the Neanderthals in Europe and the Denisovans in Asia. Genetic evidence shows that our ancestors even interbred with these other groups. You might carry traces of Neanderthal or Denisovan DNA yourself. The genetic closeness between humans and other primates is not just a coincidence. Our DNA is more than ninety eight percent identical to that of chimpanzees. We share specific genes, bone structures, and developmental pathways. The human chromosome number is twenty three pairs, while chimps have twenty four, and yet we can see that two ancestral chromosomes fused in our lineage. This is not guesswork. It is visible under a microscope. Some may ask, but where are the transitions? In truth, the fossil record is full of them. It is not perfect, as preservation is rare, but we have an astonishing variety of hominin fossils that show clear changes in skull shape, posture, teeth, hands, and brain size over time. We do not find fossils of humans next to dinosaurs because they lived millions of years apart. And we do not find modern humans in the deepest layers of rock because those layers were formed long before we existed. This does not mean that science has all the answers. But science does follow evidence. It makes predictions and tests them. And the evidence from geology, genetics, paleontology, and anthropology all converge on the same picture: that humans evolved from earlier primates over millions of years. Now, if you hold to a religious worldview, that does not mean you have to abandon it. Many people who believe in God also accept that evolution is the method by which life has changed and diversified. For them, it is not a threat but a deeper way to appreciate the beauty and complexity of life. The unfolding of hominin history, with all its struggle and triumph, is a part of that grandeur. 100% more plausible option than the earth being 6000 years old Evidence where? Give me a suitable counterclaim I will help =) I consider myself a Christian, why? I wholeheartedly endorse and support the morals of Jesus Christ and use it as my own moral compass. I take the Bible as for its moral value, it cannot be used against science at any point though. It’s not a question of being happy or unhappy, you are blatantly wrong and confusing numerous subject matter in the process.

I can’t agree here, sure telling one’s history may have biases, but I’d trust it over MEE doing a video on it.

Jazeera and MEE (not sure about AP) report in an extremely bias manner. When reviewing Israeli history especially, those media sources tend to twist the narrative to their viewpoint or to the audience they are catering too. I also encourage you to read some of the comments made by hooligans in the comment section if you ever visit YouTube.

It’s not especially with numerous attacks on Israel since 1948 I see some people watch the missiles hit Tel Aviv like it’s a WWE match on the Al Jazzera live stream Right-wing and religious nationalist politicians often express support for expanding Israeli control over more territory, especially the West Bank, which some consider part of historic or biblical Israel. Parties like Likud, Religious Zionists, and certain settlers’ groups have voiced visions aligned with some form of Greater Israel. Centrist and left-wing politicians generally emphasize a two-state solution or maintaining Israel’s current borders with some negotiated changes. They tend to avoid framing their platforms in terms of Greater Israel and focus on security, diplomacy, and coexistence. Many people speaking of the elimination of Israel is likewise not imperialist talk?

As bad as urban conflict has gotten in Gaza, I strongly encourage people not to side with irans current regime.

Would “gun happy USA” not be a generalization? Otherwise, I do see your point, I concede