paulsutton

Isn't that the case for a lot of things? Military applications come first as they seem to have more money, but technology developed can migrate to civilian areas. Paul

I guess on a simple level a physical illness is visible to others in many cases, whereas a mental illness can be hidden and can manifest itself in different ways. But as @MigL said, we will hopefully realise that mental illness is due to the brain and is therefore also physical. Paul

I am not sure if this is the right answer, but companies seem to leave or arrive when the taxation and other systems are in place to make more attractive or changed so they are less attractive. May not be related, but BP have pulled out of the North Sea due to it being less viable. So a change of government and then policy on a range of issues can either attract, deter or force companies to move. I know the National Insurance rises for employers in the UK is causing a good few issues with regard to recruitment.

If it goes to court, trying to find a 12 person jury where no one knows anything about the case could be interesting, given the media coverage. Something similar has been said about the US case where the mother killed her 3 children, now ruled a mistrial if there is a retrial they would need a neutral jury, easier said than done.

I guess the endpoint will come when we no longer seek answers to questions or seek new questions to answer, so long as we remain curious, then science will keep going. WRT the above I think eletrons are leptons so if they have a charge of -1 then for a proton to have a charge of +1 would the UUD quarks need a charge that adds up to +1 to maintain a neutral charge?

Reading some media outlets, such as the UK dailyfail (dailymail) website you would think they had won in the whole of Germany and not simply in a region in the former East Germany. Interesting point is about low immigration, prior to the fall of the Berlin Wall, West Germany would have benefitted from immigration, joined the EU etc, this brought culture, much needed skills etc. Meanwhile East Germany probably lost out (or was their free movement within what would I think have been the USSR?. So a few questions, I was only 12/13 when the wall fell, so I have some memories of this being on the news, but also that I may not have understood the full implications at the time. After the Berlin wall fell and Germany was unified, what happened? Did the same anti immigration / xenophobic sentiment linger on? Did they find a way to benefit from immigration bringing in skills etc? Was their free movement within the old USSR? If the Former East Germany got left behind was this a problem of their own making?

Perhaps with the "white_people_blocked_from_jobseeker_schemes" We should perhaps look at the context, who are these jobs schemes aimed at, what location are they in, who are the employers, what are their client / customer bases. What other schemes are available, that white people CAN attend. Also, I find with these stats reporting there is a rather inconsistent use of percentages, and fractions so you may have 50 percent of x and in the same article cite 2/3s of y, within the same report, hardly easy to make a comparison. People reporting seem to pick and choose what they want. Paul If they are a minority in 1 in 4 schools, then surely they are not a minority in 3 in 4 schools. Paul

Cool thanks, that makes sense,

Hi I found a link to this the other day, I think there was a link on Mastodon to a press report, so I looked up some more useful info. However what I found interesting about the diagram is it shows s,c,u,d quarks but no top / bottom quarks. Hidden fifth dimension could tune dark matter resonance, new theory proposes https://phys.org/news/2026-07-hidden-dimension-tune-dark-resonance.html Link to papar (pdf) https://phys.org/news/2026-07-hidden-dimension-tune-dark-resonance.html How do others interpret the absence of top and bottom quarks., I guess the fact that Up / Down quarks are there, is important as these make up protons (udd) and neutrons (ddu). Paul

Is there not a window of opportunity here, to decide what we as consumers want going forward. Slight tangent discussion on Mastodon about in Japan products being wrapped in plastic. My response was to suggest that to the generation brought up with this, wrapping everything in plastic is normal, same for the current generation seeing mobiles as normal, there is no frame of reference to the time when phones were attached by wires. So back to AI generated movies or AI actors, once this takes over and we also have AI actors to a whole generation this will be normal, they won't know any different. So I think we need to engage in a multigenerational way to decide what we want, debate pros / cons and decide the future. AI can help us do stuff that was not possible before, I think we will still have model makers, at least in the sense we want a spaceship in a movie so someone will fashion one to get an idea of what is needed, that hands on physical model can be very useful. This can then be reproduced in a movie, if we then want 1000 ships then AI can make this possible.

Great work, thanks for posting this. Paul

I agree about our assumptions on 'sentient' beings, also didn't NASA find fungus growing on the outside of the ISS. There is also a reason why space probes are made in sterile environments to reduce the risk of contamination of planetary bodies. It is possible we have already had visitors to Earth, this could explain why there are depictions found on different continents. I think on the ST voyager episode Tattoo (season 2) the inhabitants of the planet the crew visited said they took several generations to travel to Earth.

Sorry for the delay in this. The book I have is : Structural Mechanics Second Edition Ray Hulse & Jack Cain ISBN: 978-0-335-80457-5 palgrave.com

Yes, Nature does have a canny ability to throw a spanner in the works of current thinking, Even the JWST is re writing our understanding of the universe early history, so as you said nature has many things that don't fit. Once we reach the moon, we will probably end up re-writing everything on stress based on what we learn in micro gravity on the moon. Different environment will throw up more problems, just that the stakes will be much higher i guess, as we can't evacuate a moon base. As we are talking about materials and stresses, what do people make of this?77 'It's crazy' - villagers mystified as river dramatically changes course https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cqxlv7x1527o Would there be a connection, it does look like human intervention by land owners may have had unexpected consequences.

I found a book in a charity shop on Structural Mechanics which seems to cover some (or may be all) the topics @studiot is covering so I I will give that a read too.

I was thinking that, given that 1 mole of a substance still has the same number of atoms, e,g 1 gram of Hydrogen and 238 grams of Uranium would still have 6.022 x 10^23 atoms. So they may calculate based on that, and as you said infer the 1/2 life. Maybe that is a question for another thread.

That is pretty cool, I wonder what he would think about the fact that his experiment is still going after nearly 100 years, Then again look at the 1/2 life of some radioactive isotopes, some take seconds others take days, months or even years.

Is this why people are advised to lie on their back and float in water, if the get in trouble, as it increases the surface area and buoyancy due to the upward forces? Interesting geological / geochemistry differences given Devon and Somerset are next to each other, how do they contrast with Dorset ?

Yes, but isn't excusive or written as XOR as opposed to OR. for an OR gate?

Just found this course on Futurelearn, which may give some insight into your question https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/justice-fundamental-rights-and-artificial-intelligence Paul

I will try and do some more digging in terms of haemoglobin. In terms of what was mentioned before near the coast | was more thinking of cars rusting due to salt (or rather sea) water ( even though I think it is more corrosion) rather than silver tarnishing, sorry I need to be more clear on things. Re Haemoglobin https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1179/135100003225002817 Seems to explain the process, with oxygen and haemoglobin, this is a little above me, but I do understand what a REDOX (Reduction and Oxidation) where Reduction is gaining electrons and oxidation loses electrons). Seems quite a complex set of processes going on with this.

Agreed, however it doesn't stop what ever metal you are using reacting with the environment, chrome for example will tarnish, silver does over time, i think more so in salty environments such as near the coast. Am I right in thinking Oxidation is still transfer of electrons (loss) even if this is iron or hemoglobin to oxyhemoglobin in blood. Paul

I am not sure, Mastodon has a feature where if you upload a flyer for example, the alt text generator can take the image and try and extract the text elements (it has mixed results),, So I think the first stage may be just OCR and see what it comes up with, If you can manually edit a few words, that may help, perhaps then run through a spell / grammar check or similar and see what comes from that. If you want the output to be just readable, you don't want AI or anything inserting new words that could easily alter the meaning of the original text. It probably requires manual intervention either way,

So to reply to @studiot I have tried to look up some of the terms / ideas presented above and put my thoughts / interpretations below along with references to where I got the explanation from. * Archimedes Principle. [Archimedes Principle.](https://www.britannica.com/science/Archimedes-principle) covers the laws of buoyancy and states that " that any body completely or partially submerged in a fluid (gas or liquid) at rest is acted upon by an upward, or buoyant, force,"* [1] * Convert [Newtons to grams](https://www.convertunits.com/from/newton/to/gram) * Terzaghi introduced the notion of 'effective stress'. [2] If we apply this to sand then the sand, if placed in a heap (with a slope) needs to have enough strength to stop that slope moving (or as per [2]_ slumping. [2]. Comment, this makes sense, if you're on a beach and try and take the top layer of dry sand and pile this up, it is harder to create a pile, where as digging deeper to the sand that has more firmness (due to water content) can be dug out and piled up, the same goes for making sandcastles, they are likely to stand on their own if the sand is damp and sticks together, nevertheless if you use very wet sand you end up with a similar situation as with the dry sand, it won't keep it's shape. * Contact force, [3] These are forces between two objects * Contact stress [4] I don't fully understand this from reading the source I found. (Don't understand dwell pressure) * Direct (also called normal) force and stress [5] From the source (wikipedia) "In continuum mechanics, stress is a physical quantity that describes forces present during deformation. For example, an object being pulled apart, such as a stretched elastic band, is subject to tensile stress and may undergo elongation. An object being pushed together, such as a crumpled sponge, is subject to compressive stress and may undergo shortening" So I get this, so if I pull something it becomes longer, and I guess weaker as it becomes more elongated, going the other way the stress of compression can also impact. * Tangential or shear force and shear stress ( not indirect or abnormal ), [6] I think I get the principle behind this, so two objects moving against each other. I guess another example is to rip sheet of paper, by holding and pulling in opposite directions causing the paper to be pulled (ripped) apart. Would I be right in thinking that if I try and bolt two materials together that are held in tension, the bolt must be strong enough (tensile strength) to resist the two forces pulling apart that the bolt is holding together. References 1.[Archimedes Principle.](https://www.britannica.com/science/Archimedes-principle) 2 [33.2: Terzaghi's Effective Stress Principle](https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Materials_Science/TLP_Library_I/33%3A_Granular_Materials/33.2%3A_Terzaghi's_Effective_Stress_Principle) 3 [Contact force](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_force) 4 [Contact Stress at the Beginning of Demolding[(https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/contact-stress) 5 [Stress (mechanics)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_(mechanics)) - This may not be the correct reference 6 [Shear forces](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_force) Hope this helps Paul

I am not sure what some of these mean exactly, so alongside any explanation here, I am going to do my own digging and research them ( it is kinda expected here after all) it will be interesting to compare findings as they should be the same or very similar explanations ( if I find the right sources). Paul