Ghideon

What kinetic energy does the formulas give you for v1=0? Maybe you need to correct the calculation? Hint: at low speeds the relativistic kinetic energy should be approximately be the non-relativistic version mv2/2 (There are other issues with the reasoning; may have more time to read more carefully later)

(bold by me) Yes, it is necessary for the trains to travel below the speed of light . I assume you mean the speed of sound?

Here is what Lagrange* has to say about your setup in zero g. Some quick mathematics: [math]L=T-V [/math] where T and V are the kinetic and potential energy of the system [math]V=0 \rightarrow L=T[/math] [math]T=\frac{m v^{2} }{2} [/math] where v=velocity Or, in generalized coordinates [math] \frac{m\dot q^{2}}{2} [/math] Euler–Lagrange equations: [math] \frac{\partial L}{\partial q_{j} }= \frac{d}{dt} \frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot q_{j} } [/math] In our specific case without gravity: [math]0= \frac{d}{dt} m \dot q =m \ddot q[/math] [math]\dot q=0 \rightarrow \ddot q=0[/math] In other words; in zero g the device will not accelerate. Please present the mathematics and a comparison to my attempt at analysing the zero g case for your device. It means that a curious person may want to know how an idea is incorrect and what misunderstandings that caused wrong conclusions. And then reject the idea or try to improve it with the help of the acquired knowledge. Side note: When joining this forum I did not know much about Lagrange and Hamilton. I was curious and listened to expert members here and as a result I feel confident enough to try to apply the methods. I'm also confident that any errors will be corrected by expert members and more knowledge will be gained in the process. *) Trying to use standard symbols, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrangian_mechanics

Ok. So your setup will behave identically in zero g? Both mathematically and experimentally? A curious person or someone working scientifically would probably ask something like "What is the link? How does the it affect my idea and experiment?"

Are you confusing a mathematical analysis of an ideal setup with an experimental setup?

@John2020 I am still waiting for your inout regarding the more fundamental principles that Newton is based on; physics has continued ot evolve after Newton was active. If you believe space to be inhomogeneous or anisotropic at small scales please provide evidence. Regarding internal forces, an electric car has an engine where there are internal electromagnetic forces. Can an electrical car accelerate along the ground? Yes it can.

May I ask for some kind of scientific evidence for this idea? The information available at the link does not support that the universe should have a size considerably deviating from what established mainstream models predicts.

We know from established physics that "inertial drives" are not physically possible, hence any acceleration of the COM of the ferromagnetic ring is due to external forces; very simplified: F=ma. Note that Newton's laws exists in a framework of more fundamental theories and models developed later. Lagrange, Hamilton and Noether are specifically relevant in this case. If you believe space to be inhomogeneous or anisotropic at small scales please provide evidence.

Any evidence supporting that interpretation? I had hoped for an explanation how you think your hypothesis is confirmed by my comments. Avoiding the discussion does not add support to the idea. Thanks for the offer, I prefer to get my knowledge about ancient Egypt from other sources. (Discussions are not censored as far as I know but posts may be moved to a suitable section as per forum rules. Spam or illegal content or similar may be hidden.)

Was it the speculative device discussed by Miguel Alcubierre* you read about? (Known as Alcubierre drive) *) Alcubierre paper https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0009013

Ok. The picture was an example. Here is another one, with arms, from the same reference* as above. The djed first appears in the Predynastic Period in Egypt**. Please explain how you draw that conclusion from my comments. *) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Egyptian_-_Pectoral_with_Scarab_-_Walters_4291_-_Reverse_(2).jpg **) https://www.worldhistory.org/Djed/

Disproof already done by other members. Are these the "gongs"? What evidence supports your hypothesis? As far as I know mainstream science says the structure is a djed. Wikimedia has various pictures of Djed hieroglyph and amulets: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Djed_(hieroglyph) Example:

Short answer: no. There will be losses in the described setup and no surplus power. As far as I can tell the proposed device is a typical attempt at constructing a perpetual motion device, something that is not possible. An engine that convert mechanical energy into electromagnetic energy cannot operate with 100% efficiency because it is impossible to design any system that is free of energy dissipation. For further reading the wikipedia article on perpetual motion may be a good start: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual_motion

Ok. A consequence of throwing out conservation of momentum is that Newton, Lagrange, Hamilton, Noether and others probably also goes out the window. Your claim seem to imply that empty space must be inhomogeneous or anisotropic at small scales*. When none of Newton and others are left to base your ideas upon, what new and alternative physics do you propose as a starting point? *) I learned this from @joigus, hope I got it right in the context of this topic.

My intuitive answer is that your example is about shell theorem. If I remember correctly: Assume a sphere S with charge Q on the surface. Then the electric field outside the sphere of charge is like that of a point charge; the field outside the sphere does not rely on the radius R of the sphere S. Shell theorem implies that another sphere S2 with same charge Q but different radius R2 will have the same field outside as the first sphere S. I do not know if the shell theorem accounts for the dynamics if a single sphere is uniformly modified* to have a different radius but identical center. If the shell theorem holds, so that the behaviour is at all times modelled by a stationary point charge, then there should be no radiation? Did the example contain one sphere changing its radius or two different spheres with identical charge on their surfaces? *) I do not assume that such movement is practically possible, just that the uniform charge Q stays uniform on the surface while R is changed and the whole sphere stays stationary relative the observer.

As far as I know a laser is a device that emits light. Maybe you are looking for electron emitter such as those used in cathode ray tubes?

A free electron laser employs electrons as a gain medium. Photons are emitted, not electrons. edit: x-post

I think @wtf means proof of work in this case. Proof of work* requires that a certain amount of computational effort has been expended for some purpose. Verifiers can subsequently confirm this expenditure with minimal effort on their part. It's a way to deter denial-of-service attacks and other service abuses by requiring some work from a service requester, usually meaning processing time by a computer. Very simplified it is a protection against a Sybil attack where the reputation system (bitcoin in this case) is subverted by creating multiple identities. If this will work in the long run for Bitcoin or other related block chain based applications I do not know. *) Text is based on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_work **) Paper: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-0-387-35568-9_18

That means that a system consisting of two particles, one "normal" and one "dark", will accelerate? Question: How does that affect conservation of momentum? On a larger scale: what happens to massive objects that get close to the DM halo according to your ideas? When for instance an intergalactic star is getting close the outside edge of a halo of a galaxy, is the star deflected by the halo? What happens to any DM that is affected by the intergalactic star's gravity?

Can you provide som insight in a process allowing that halo to form? From your attached PDF (emphasis mine): (https://www.scienceforums.net/applications/core/interface/file/attachment.php?id=23186) How do you reach an equilibrium instead of a runaway effect?

One trouble is that the first one has unbalanced parentheses:

If I may ask; what is the task in the homework you are working on? Are you, for instance, working on a fiction story or trying to provide a plausible interpretation of the Egyptian stone reliefs? (At the time of writing this is located in the Homework Help section)

After some more reading I think it is kind of the other way around; unbounded nondeterminism states that the amount of delay in servicing a request can become unbounded as a result of arbitration of contention for shared resources while still guaranteeing that the request will eventually be serviced*. With means that by definition, n has to exist. Dijkstra argued that it is impossible to implement systems with unbounded nondeterminism. Hewitt argues that the actor model has the property of unbounded nondeterminism built in, allowing computations that cannot be implemented by Turing Machines. Hewitt has based a justification on metastability of electronics**: "There is no bound that can be placed on how long it takes a computational circuit called an arbiter to settle"****. I have not yet read the Clinger paper*** that according to wikipedia contains a mathematical treatment of the actor model and unbounded nondeterminism. My understanding at this time is that Dijkstra, Hewitt and the actor model is: if the "stop" message is can't be postponed forever why can it still be postponed for an unbounded time? (I am not claiming that your question is wrong, just modifying it to illustrate my understanding) Sources: *) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbounded_nondeterminism **) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metastability_(electronics) ***) https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/6935/AITR-633.pdf?sequence=2ActorLite ****)https://arxiv.org/vc/arxiv/papers/1008/1008.1459v8.pdf

I think* that is an important part to decide: is the ship included or not? What would benefit the plot most? Once decided there are probably viable options for both cases: A preserved ship due to some circumstances (see for instance answer of @Phi for All). The ship could have been preserved as part of culture or emerging religious movement. Or it could be seen as an important resource; some ruling class of the passengers will guard the ship and try to maintain power by controlling the resources (medicine, metal, knowledge, other ...) Or the ship could be gone because all of it was used (leaning behind old relics, valuable in the current medieval setting). Other options are to let the ship be lost rather than decayed. The landing could have taken place in water or in some mountains where the ship is lost, covered by snow and ice. In the context of chemistry AFAIK the climate have an impact on decay of materials. So one option is to have some property of the planet and the landing spot explain the fate of the ship. For instance an extremely dry desert vs some very humid conditions. For instance acidic** rain could explain how decay of the ship progresses. The above are just some intentionally wildly different examples intended to show that whatever benefits the plot (ship left vs ship destroyed) could be supported by something plausible-looking scenarios without referring to magics. Side note: In a setting where magic is possible there will inherently be events, powers or artefacts that science can't explain? *) Without detailed knowledge about the plot I can only give some rough guesses. **) Not acid, just acidic enough to have a scientifically established effect on the materials of the ship.

I would start by thinking about how the fiction ship survived the trip and how it landed. If the ship had some futuristic properties or features allowing it to cope with radiation, micro meteorites or other hazards in space then the plot may allow for such features to make the ship resistant to the conditions on the planet's surface. My personal opinion: a possible plot hole is why the passengers did not use whatever they could salvage from the ship to make buildings, tools, weapons or whatever.