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Substrate-level phosphorylation? Quicker and less efficient than oxidative phosphorylation. A fermentation process, like in yeast and some bacteria. Oh, and erythrocytes, which have no mito.

Then Hz is the number in which to factor by the value my equations yield, to be concise about what I'm stating here. It has nothing to do with gravity bending light or even the curvature of space it has to do with the calculus not maximizing surface volume to a concise enough detail, which in turn effects the depth and therefore throws off the redshift measurements. So you really do have to measure it against the calculus if that is the case. Pixelate any 2 galaxies in the cosmos from the observatory.

Yes I do work with these on a professional level. Its also one of my primary focusses in regards to my primary expertise in Cosmology. Feel free to ask any questions and I will be glad to help you on it. Most articles including dissertations on Higgs will likely have those equations. Its certainly covered under papers regarding CKMS mass mixing. So resources are readily available to learn how to eventually understand the above. A big step is knowing vector and spinor relations under math. LIttle hint every SM model for every particle interaction (Feymann path integral) applies the Principle of least action via the Langrangian. Which forms also applies to the Hamilton

In some way by earlier theorizing of my own I suspected this situation of Higgs field having two, no more or less, fields. One with emphasize on "mass" and the other on "electromagnetism". This is as far as I may comprehend. All the other formulas you provide are excellent and describing how mass is achieved with the photon remaining massless. You must be working with these matters professionally. On a high level also. And I'm glad you took time for to guide an interested layman in these matters. I cannot jump into these formulas. My concern lies more of how and why Higgs field are there in universe permeating all space. Exactly how mass is achieved is a physics professional issue too complex for me, as said. Hopefully we can continue to discuss in some manner, even if I cannot follow the precise math involved. /chron44

From what I have just quickly read, these seem to have independently evolved, from mitochondria, several times in different species. So an example of convergent evolution, enabling their possessors to adapt to anoxic environments. What remains unclear to me is what the energy source is for their respiration. The flow charts I have seen seem to show pyruvate as the input, presumably from glycolysis. So that suggests glycolysis as usual, followed by some alternative to the Krebs cycle that does not require oxygen. Maybe someone can explain how this works. They don’t seem to be sulphate-reducing or anything like that.

I was interested in a possible mechanism whereby this could be observed(or , rather modeled in real time.) An observer in the rest frame against which the acceleration takes place only interacts when the accelerated body and it "share the same event" or perhaps is close enough for a signal to be sent and returned. And any observer in the accelerated frame will see the time involved in any interactions as the proverbial "one second per second". What about my musing in the OP that the interactions in any system under acceleration will(unobservably) be altered in regards to the time between them because the em radiation involved in interactions (I think) travels in a curved path and is affected by blue /red shift? I think I am trying to see what actually happens(or should happen) without it being possible to verify by real time measurements. When the twins separate ,they could do so from a nonaccelerating point in space and time. Have I replied appropriately to your post?

This is where we have to be careful. You may recall that the VeV is a probability function correct? That probability function will have a probability current. The term "expectation" value denotes this. So it has a weighted average that is described by the 246 VeV value. The other important detail is the Higgs field isn't just one field it is an SU(2) doublet. \[\phi=\begin{pmatrix}\phi^+\\\phi^0\end{pmatrix}\] however these are complex fields \[\phi^+=\frac{1}{2}(\phi_1+i\phi_2)\] \[\phi^0=\frac{1}{2}(\phi_3+\phi_4\] now these two statements describe rotations ( matrix, tensor operations) simply put. Yes those two equations do form a matrix but we can ignore that for now. now fermions have a few properties the Higgs mediates with each has a mass contribution the Higgs relation to charge Q, weak isospin eigenvalue \(T_3\), and hypercharge Y is related for the Higgs by \[Q=(T_3+\frac{Y}{2})\phi_0=0\] only the \(\phi_0\) current that gets a VEV...a probability current giving the weighted average likelyhood the last equation directly relates to the W, Z and photons gaining mass or not. Unfortunately this is where I'm going to have to turn it up a notch or a dozen notches quarks and lepton fields are organized in left-handed doublets and right-handed singlets: Matter is left handed, antimatter is right handed the covariant derivative is given as \[D^\mu=\partial_\mu+igW_\mu\frac{\tau}{2}-\frac{i\acute{g}}{2}B_\mu\] \[\begin{pmatrix}V_\ell\\\ell\end{pmatrix}_L,\ell_R,\begin{pmatrix}u\\d\end{pmatrix}_,u_R,d_R\] The mass eugenstates given by the Weinberg angles are \[W\pm_\mu=\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}(W^1_\mu\mp i W_\mu^2)\] with the photon and Z boson given as \[A_\mu=B\mu cos\theta_W+W^3_\mu sin\theta_W\] \[Z_\mu=B\mu sin\theta_W+W^3_\mu cos\theta_W\] the mass mixings are given by the CKM matrix below \[\begin{pmatrix}\acute{d}\\\acute{s}\\\acute{b}\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}V_{ud}&V_{us}&V_{ub}\\V_{cd}&V_{cs}&V_{cb}\\V_{td}&V_{ts}&V_{tb}\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}d\\s\\b\end{pmatrix}\] mass euqenstates given by \(A_\mu\) an \(Z_\mu\) \[W^3_\mu=Z_\mu cos\theta_W+A_\mu sin\theta_W\] \[B_\mu= Z_\mu sin\theta_W+A_\mu cos\theta_W\] \[Z_\mu=W^3_\mu cos\theta_W+B_\mu sin\theta_W\] \[A_\mu=-W^3_\mu\sin\theta_W+B_\mu cos\theta_W\] this is how the mass terms are generated using eh CKMS mass mixing matrix above. Unfortunately this is a stage where I had to resort to under the math to be accurate enough on how the mass terms apply for W,Z, and why photons do not acquire mass. However this table may help visualize what is going on \[{\small\begin{array}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}\hline Field & \ell_L& \ell_R &v_L&U_L&d_L&U_R &D_R&\phi^+&\phi^0\\\hline T_3&- \frac{1}{2}&0&\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2}&0&0&\frac{1}{2}&-\frac{1}{2} \\\hline Y&-\frac{1}{2}&-1&-\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{6}&\frac{1}{6}& \frac{2}{3}&-\frac{1}{3}&\frac{1}{2}&\frac{1}{2}\\\hline Q&-1&-1&0&\frac{2}{3}&-\frac{1}{3}&\frac{2}{3}&-\frac{1}{3}&1&0\\\hline\end{array}}\] in the above table you also have Yukawa couplings as well for example for a quark \[\mathcal{L}=q_d\overline{Q}_L\phi d_R+g_\mu \overline{Q}_L\phi_c U_R +h.c\] h.c. is the hermitean conjugate in QM don't worry about the last equation its just to show that the mass terms isn't strictly due to Higgs. Yukawa couplings also contributes and it uses the same table as above. Also I did not show the right handed singlets in the above. for antineutrinos they have different mixing angles as singlets and will involve Majarona what I have shown may likely make your head explode as is lol. oh forgot to add prior to symmetry breaking the SM model uses the Goldstone bosons

Shit, I deleted the point before I posted.

Link to the news?

A group of metazoans known as Loricifera contain at least three species that live their entire lives without oxygen. They depend on mitochondria like organelles called Hydrogenosomes. These organelles allow the organism to produce energy in the absence of oxygen, they live in anoxic sediments. Not considered uniquely evolved from a new organism but actually degenerate mitochondria. . Spinoloricus cinziae was found in 2014.

The twins paradox typically idealizes the accelerations; the clocks are set equal after the space twin is up to speed, and the turnaround takes negligible time. The only importance of the acceleration is that it shifts the space twin into a different inertial frame. A rotating system is accelerating, and a clock in that system would tick at a rate depending on the instantaneous speed. The same would apply to a clock under continuous linear acceleration.

I think it’s what is the difference between using 1 bomb to kill these people, or using bombs from a few hundred planes. The US had already killed 100k civilians in the raid on Tokyo, and several tens of millions of civilians died in the war, and even more if you include the resulting disease and famine. If the issue is the WMD, then the number of civilian deaths wouldn’t seem to be the issue.

Have to ponder some days or more for to slightly comprehend...

As you were writing that post, you were an accelerating observer, according to the equivalence principle. The ISS, for example, is a nonaccelerating one. Here are all your answers.

We need to stop competing like OTHER animals, and use our competitive nature in ways that complement our high intelligence and our cooperative nature. Our current tribal hierarchies haven't worked for the vast majority for quite a while. But this probably doesn't relate to what the OP wants to talk about. I, for one, would like more clarification about what this speculation is about. Does anyone know what AI is heralding? Lately I lay a lot of the blame at the feet of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, with their emphasis on a paternal moral hierarchy. It could be that these religions are just more tools the wealthiest individuals use against us, but the generational abuse that's been inflicted on the world so an extremely small group could have more wealth than billions of their fellow humans has become part of the false fabric of so many lives. It's a form of slavery that is embraced by the slaves as their salvation.

Of course. But that's not the issue being discussed in this thread. That is the issue of is it okay to kill over a hundred thousand civilians to save soldiers lives, and to initiate the first use of a WMD to do so? I wasn't comparing Truman to Eichmann, just drawing an analogy to say we don't just go by job performance. I'm sure Eichmann held that he was defending Germans from the menace of Jews taking over the economy and Aryan culture. He rated German Gentile lives way above Jewish lives. Every evil has its attendant moral justification. And you are ignoring my other points, which makes me feel I'm just wasting time now. Not a strong analogy. No one is proposing uninvention - an absurd concept. With guns, as with nukes, many propose a ban. The point is not having a gun pointed at everyone's head because it nurtures life and happiness and freedom from chronic fear. These are goals of civilization, or so I've heard. Erasure of knowledge would be a terrible idea - we absolutely need to remember what these weapons are and what they can do.

Full disclaimer :I have be thinking about those twins... When the accelerated twin speeds off his internal system must evolve (as does the watch in the cabin) When they are actually under acceleration is there (in their own frame of reference) any change in the perceived passage of time ? None because the perceiver is accelerating at the same rate as the watch? What about the "view" from the the unaccelerated frame of reference of the other twin? It cannot see but can it deduce that em signals (within the cabin)are being red shifted in one direction and blueshifted in the other? Would that have the effect of slowing down all interactions between all parts of the physical system? If so ,would it be of any consequence that particular interactions were mediated by blueshifted signals rather than red? Is the red/blue shift aspect just part of the overall curvature of the light (and em) signals in the cabin?

well your on the right path see section 4 https://cds.cern.ch/record/348154/files/9803257.pdf "(4) In the unitary gauge, the isodoublet is replaced by the physical Higgs eld ! [0; (v+H)=p 2], which describes the uctuation of the I3 = 1=2 component of the isodoublet eld about the ground-state value v=p 2. The scale v of the electroweak symmetry breaking is xed by the W mass, which in turn can be reexpressed by the Fermi coupling, v = 1=qp 2GF 246 GeV. The quartic coupling and the Yukawa couplings gf can be reexpressed in terms of the physical Higgs mass MH and the fermion mass" it doesn't copy over well from the document please note this is a pre Higgs discovery paper published prior to confirming the Higgs mass so some of the numbers will be off. but it explains the VeV and how its set.

Aw, come on. Don't tell me you can't tell the difference between Eichmann saying "It was my job to put those Jews to death because we hate their kind.", and a cop saying "It was my job to shoot that person because he was about to kill another person.". President H Truman was trying to save American lives. You don't think that's a President's job ?

When Adolph Eichmann defended his actions this way, the jury was oddly unpersuaded. Generally "just doing his job" is not seen as adequate justification for mass murder of civilians. Anyway, you are making an equivalence between combatants and civilians. Many people, as well as the Geneva convention, view this differently. I don't doubt your morality, just saying this thread invites people to reflect on where those moral principles lead, if applied by everyone. Really? That was an element of Truman's argument. Kill 150,000 Japanese with an A-bomb, save hundreds of thousands more Japanese and Allied soldiers lives. We were discussing that earlier, and some were dubious that was what would happen. And the reasoning holds water if we are looking at a contemplated thermonuclear exchange where parties either a) choose not to use nukes and lose hundreds of thousands of soldiers, or b) choose to use nukes and billions of innocent people die, due to knock-on effects from destroyed agriculture, nuclear winter, radioactive contamination, etc. Call me crazy, but the loss of life scenario where soldiers die but we don't wipe out a large percent of the human race seems the better one.

Are there things we can say about it with any degree of certainty aside from the obvious? For example the actual physical state of the matter; Solid, liquid, gas, plasma, some kind of condensate or super dense solid? If an evaporating black hole will eventually lose it's event horizon and explode as MigL said; would that lead to the potential for more star formation? If a neutron star could go supernova; what sort of elements or particles would it scatter from what was formed in the core? I suppose I'm just trying to understand black holes in relation to the Hawking information paradox. If I understand it correctly, if information cannot be destroyed or preserved indefinitely inside a black hole, then a future state change of the black hole seems the most likely soultion. For every half of a particle pair that forms just beyond the event horizon and escapes, the partner particle that falls into the black hole should theoretically be contained within until this hypothetical state change takes place within the aging black hole, allowing the information stored within it to be released. I won't take it personally if I'm way off base. Just trying to understand.

nice I wish there was a way to show the propagators better in latex. As there is two symbols for propagators in the Feymann rules. Wavy line being one the other dotted line (ghost propagators) the problem isn't the horizontal but the diagonals for triple and quartic interactions. lecture_16.pdf (usp.br) second link has the ghost propagators https://arxiv.org/pdf/1209.6213

Between audiobooks and video, and possibly other causes, fewer people read these days. “Data indicate a sharp decline in reading over the last decade. The percent of U.S. adults who read at least one book (in print or electronically) in 2022 was 48.5, 6.1 percentage points lower than in 2012” https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/newsbrief/index.html?record=4377 I am dubious about the claims “machines are becoming more intelligent than majority of humans together with increased abuse of drugs” because machines aren’t intelligent (AI is a label, but it’s just a re-branding of “algorithm”) and no evidence was provided that drug abuse is increasing

Being a layman, I have seen it on wiki pages, though never really thought about its more precise function. When you mentioned it here I went to the wiki page and tried to "comprehend". It's about the electroweak force, the uniting and separating on both forces involved - depending on temperature. And probably you are right when you notice a far higher value than wiki presents. This is what I notice, for the moment. Still, I'm a bit confused. Do we need the Big Bang scale at the LHC for to reach the VeV at Higgs field? I mean does the LHC accelerator really copy the BB condition fort to expose the boson and the VeV in question?

That seems generous...