studiot

Let's throw in a few facts and figures shall we ? The population density is around 98 persons per square mile. That of Germany is around 625 persons per square mile. Eise comes from an area of even more densely populated. This has two results. 1) Germany has far less scope for the spread out american housing estates we see in the movies. 2) Germany is also pushed for food production space. The first time I visited our friends in North West Germany I was struck by their typical house construction, which always included a huge basement. My friends explained that since we had flattened the industrial heartland of Germany in the war everything was new (unlike France or England). And the new building regulations required a bomb shelter basement for all new houses.

One important thing to take away from this discussion that I have yet to mention is the enormous difference between interpolation and extrapolation. Interpolation is a fancy word for 'bracketing' the hypothesis between known phenomena or values. Normally it is only us mathematicians that look for 'pathogenic counter examples'. Nature, by and large is pretty amenable to interpolation. Of course you have to make the barakets wide enough to cover many eventualities. Hypotheses such as the big bang, Everett's universal quantum function, and many many others especially in cosmology are not only extrapolations but very very large extrapolations. Extrapolation is by its own characterisitc open ended. And the further you get from the known the more wildly out your hypothesis can easily be.

I think I understand the sentiment about the ocean and I agree. Brunel was a far better ship designer than Kaiser, because he had that innate 'feeling' or empathy for his subject, but also for the scientific method. However modern science (it is not confined to the West) has found out more about the ocean than all the religions of the world put together. As for AI building, consciousness and intelligence are different abilities and both exist on a scale, neither are just on or off. Yes I agree with exchemist that if all the universe was just one large consciousness then there would be nothing for it to experience.

So long as you read it critically. Remember the old saying. If an expert is someone who knows a lot about a little Then a true expert is someone who knows everything about nothing. Sums up my suspicion of 'everything theories'. 😀

In this day and age professional people are required to carry out a certain amount of documented 'continued professional development' or CPD each year to maintain their professional status. This may be achieved by inhouse courses/training by their own employer, by visiting conferences or external training or by attending even9ing lectures from learned societies. I used to take advantage of foreign holidays to visit installations (like dams, canals or bridges) of interest. It is suprising what the local custodian will show you around if you ask. There are many ways you can be creative about this.

If you have access to the BBC, this is a very good learning resource https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/subjects/z7nygk7

https://www.sciweavers.org/free-online-latex-equation-editor https://editor.codecogs.com/

Is it still in Cyrillic ?

OK so to move forward waves, or more properly wave motion. Which brings up the subject of motion, something you will have met in Newton's Laws (of motion - he discovered many othe Laws) . Motion is a process. There are several forms of motion. Rectilinear motion (motion in a straight line) , curvylinear motion (motion in a curve) , wave motion ( we will come to that) And we usually describe processes by equations so it is a good idea to become familiar with equations. The equations that describe motion connect space and time. The simplest such equation is distance = speed x time or distance = velocity x time. Do you understand the concept of 'rate of change' ? Processes are about change of something Again the more you tell us about what you already know the better the answer will be. Since waves are also a process they obey an equation connecting space and time. Knowledge of these basic process equations of motion lead to knowledge about properties such as energy, momentum, power, mass transfer and others.

So you didn't read the rules that here you signed up to before you posted . I should not have to go off site to read the substance of your query or hypothesis.

A mathematical fact. You have exactly 5 posts available in your first 24 hours so it is unwise to waste them. You could add to post number 3 something useful and on topic by way of the edit post function, available by clicking on the 3 dots in the top right hand corner of your post. More than one member has now said post the maths you offered.

Maybe not very proficient in Physics but asking the right questions, which shows you are thinking about it. For instance wondering why the electron does not fall into the nucleus shows you have taken in some mechanics and electric theory. OK a small aside, whuich I think will be helpful. Your written English is good but considering your posting times I don't know if it is your first language or you are using a translator. I tend to write long complicated sentences, but I will try to keep them shorter if you need this. English is a very good language for Science. But Science sometimes needs more tightly controlled definitions so it often takes an English word, but uses it in a very specific way. English distinguishes between things or objects (nouns) and words of doing or activity (verbs) and words which qualitfy or modify basic objects or actions (adjectives and adverbs). English further recognises that nouns may be 'abstract' or 'concrete'. In Science this distinction becomes material (eg a pile of sand) or non material (eg a shadow or a force). Such nouns may be real on non real whcih is more difficult to tie down. But broadly speaking something is real if it can affect or interact with something abstract or concrete that is real. So you might be colder or drier or both if you stand in a shadow. So 'real' is an adjectivit;, the noun reality is often misused. In Science verbs become processes or actions but 'action' also has a restriced scientific meaning all of its own. Enough blather. I will deal with one more basic piece of nomenclature this time. Matter is the name given to material objects. Most scientific treatments of matter work by considering matter as made of 'particles'. Chemists, by and large, work with particles that are the size of atoms or larger. Physicists work with sub atomic particles (smaller than atoms). The science of mechanics works with particles of indeterminate size, but provides the definition, of sufficiently small size that all the properties under consideration may be considered as concentrated at one point. These are called 'point particles' But there is also much Science that draws from several branches of Science. You mentioned substances. Chemists identify lots of different substances and in particular pure substances where all particles are identical. Each different chemical substance corresponds to a different chemical particle called a molecule. If those particles are individual atoms then the substance is called an element. We know of getting on for 150 differements elements. Some elements also combine atoms of the same element to make molecules. Hopefully this preamb;le will become useful in your studies.

Here is another version of the Monty Hall question. A mathematician has two children. You ask if at least one of them is a boy. She answers yes, at least one of my children is a boy. So what are the chances that she is a mother of two boys ? This version demonstrates very clearly that it depends upon what question you ask to what the chances are. @KJW if you answer this please put the answer in a spoiler.

Here is another version of the Monty Hall question. A mathematician has two children. You ask if at least one of them is a boy. She answers yes, at least one of my children is a boy. So what are the chances that she is a mother of two boys ? This version demonstrates very clearly that it depends upon what question you ask to what the chances are.

Thank you for bringing this up, although I feel it is a tad off topic. +1 I also feel it deserves a thread all of its own What do you think ? Here is a short excerpt from a recent book about statistics that may also be of interest about the nature of scientific papers in general.

Then post it if you want to discuss it. Otherwise there is nothing to discuss and this thread is done.

Otherwise there would not be big boys and little boys.

Welcome Modafinil. We have an introduce yourself thread https://scienceforums.net/topic/75313-the-official-introduce-yourself-thread/ It would be most helpful in answering your quesry if you visited this thread and gave us a pointer as to where you are coming from with this. Have you studied or are you studying Mechanics, where the difference between Matter and Energy is spelled out ? They are not exactly interchangeable, though one often leads to the other. But framing an answer is difficult wthout some idea of what you already know, especially since you equation (do you know about equations ?) is only part of the story, and you have an incomplete version of the equation.

Hello arc, welcome back. Kinda difficult to follow you graphs as they seem to cover all sorts of timescales. But I did pick this out. This shows a steady temperatiure 2010 - 2024 and entirely misses the local minimum shown by this one over the same time period.

Small bottle of acetone based nail varnish remover.

What does any idealogue want ? He wants to force his irrational ideas on others and show off to his supporters what a big boy he is.

Only 78 million years BP ? What's the big deal ? Surely there was plenty of life of all sizes on the planet from the very large to the very small at this date. So why wouldn't it have recolonised after impact ?

No, you are confusing the location of the singularity ( 90o) with the 'value' of the function at that location. The Domain is the x axis. Each element of the domain is a point on the x axis. The Codomain is the curved graph of the function. As you have already mentioned larger angles than are possible in any triangle I assume you have seen something like this. The dashed line represent the location of the singularity. Some mathematicians regard the +∞ and -∞ as two different infinities, some regard them as the same (ie only one) ∞ It rather depends what you want to do with it. But you have noticed that the graph switches from + to - at x = 90o. It is the sudden switch that is interesting. But the tangent function is only a graph drawn on paper (or screen). And involves handling infinity. The fluid examples I gave for a reason. They involve a similar switch of state and you can follow quantities like velocity, acceleration, momentum, energy, density (that you asked about) right through the singularity. Furthermore the singularity has physical existence. I have built hydraulic jumps; they also occur in nature. Their physical presence looks like (is) a step in the water surface and all the above properties change abruptly at this step. But all the properties (including the step and the water surface) remain finite throughout. There are no infinites to cope with. I also mentioend shock waves, but I have only ever studied these theoretically for the purpose of preventing explosions in high pressure gas piplines. Which is why I recommended MigL as the member to ask.

For the benefit of those who would like to continue discussing this subject here is my definition of a singularity. In order to have a function you must have a domain, a codomain and a rule which maps the elements of the domain to the elements of tyhe codomain. Once set the domain cannot be altered, although it may be restricted. The domain describes the location of a singularity which occurs in the codomain as a result of the rule. It is not the singularity itself. The singularity occupies some region in the domain, which may be a single point or a line or a curve or an area or a volume or hypersurface or hypervolume etc depending upon the number of dimensions the domain possesses. The singularity occurs where the function is discontinuous or re-entrant or infinite or is of class less than Cn where n refers to the maximum order of derivative required. Some singularities are said to be removable others are permanent. Infinite discontinuities can often be removed and are called poles in electrical engineering, where there is a lot of information to be found under the heading 'poles and zeroes'. Any function with a discontinuity cannot have an inverse. So not quite to those who said a singularity is a point in time. That point is part of the domain and describes the location of the singularity, not the beast itself.

If you really want to explore this I suggest you start with more accessible singularities, such as the Hydraulic Jump or the Acoustic Schock Wave, where we can answer some of these questions. MigL is the perfect Physicist to ask about the latter.