swansont

And what happens to heat engine efficiency if you lower the temperature of the hot reservoir?

Nothing has been shown to transpire between the particles.

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No, it does not follow. The paradox does not say 1 ball = 2 balls any more than chopping a ball in half to give you 2 pieces says that 1 = 2.

I missed the “before” The emitted energy is small before the collision. For rotational KE, the mass would be proportional to this, as E/c^2

At 2 GW, it’s a given that one won’t be enough

I wonder, if it’s that diffuse, then how is it better than just putting the solar panels on the ground?

What constitutes “significant” mass? 9 solar masses (GW190521) seems significant to me. Momentum must be conserved, so you can only have KE in the case where the system’s momentum is nonzero. Gravitational waves are massless, so p = E/c, so there isn’t much recoil for any asymmetric waves production.

Just by inspection one can see that the key and cybertext are identical when the plaintext or key is “a” It looks like it is a Vigenere cipher, where A has no shift, B shifts by 1, C by 2, etc. But the hacker wouldn’t know what the shift is for A. That would have to be known when encoding and decoding

So there’s no actual model, or you aren’t willing to share it.

An changing electric field creates a magnetic field, and a changing magnetic field creates an electric field. An EM wave happens when the oscillations induce each other. Photons are the quantized particles of that EM wave.

This being science, there would have to be evidence of that. The evidence that we have is that relativity works exactly as advertised, to pretty high precision. Also, it’s “dilation” No, it literally is. Even though the angle is small, if it was not converging, we would not be able to detect it. Supermassive black holes such as the one at the center of the Milky Way, are of order a thousand times larger than the earth Simple geometry tells you that distance affects the angle.

The quantum vacuum has an energy, and excluding some vacuum states (with conductive plates) means there is less energy The effects are real, but how they are modeled is a computational convenience.

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Sorry; I just recall reading about entangling different color photons. If you can arrange it so that energy doesn’t identify the entangled property, or that the energy otherwise doesn’t matter, such as energy-time entanglement, which depends on the photons being created at the same time. “Each of the photons is directed into its own unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer (see figure 3), giving it a long path (L)and a short path (S)to the detectors. Because the path length difference is much longer than the coherence length of the photons, no interference is observed in the single rates at either of the detectors when the phase in, say, one of the long paths is changed. However, there is interference in the coincidence rate between detectors. The reason is that there are two processes that could lead to such a coincidence count-both photons could have taken their respective long paths or both could have taken their respective short paths” http://research.physics.illinois.edu/QI/Photonics/papers/My Collection.Data/PDF/Hyper-Entangled States.pdf

Same energy is not a requirement. Entangled photons can be different colors as long as the entangled parameter is not tied to one energy e.g. if vertical polarization has the higher energy, it won’t be entangled with a photon having horizontal polarization, since you can tell the photons apart.

In the derivation, the point of closest approach (impact parameter) is rewritten in terms of these other variables, since the bending angle and distance are related to it. (All parts of a triangle) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_radius

Because light passes relatively close to the supermassive black hole at the center.

But we are not close to a black hole. No. There is no “maybe” What happens near a black hole does not happen in intergalactic space. Because it’s been shown that it can be ignored. No effect that we need to worry about.

We don’t have to guess, because we can quantify these effects. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_time_dilation “proximity to Earth's gravitational well will cause a clock on the planet's surface to accumulate around 0.0219 fewer seconds over a period of one year than would a distant observer's clock” A year is 3.15 x 10^7 sec, so this is around a part in 10^9

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Using “individual” in this way is ambiguous at best. Individual particle? No. I said they are in an undetermined state. You can only choose the correlation. Individual pair? Why not just say pair?

You have not defined what “our” point of view is. Are we near the black hole, or are we in intergalactic space, or somewhere else? If “we” means an observer on earth, then it’s almost the same as intergalactic space.

The answer is “yes” If you measure the particle states and they do not have the expected correlation, you know there had been a prior interaction. This is the idea behind quantum key encryption. If there was no prior interaction, you can infer that the state is undetermined. You can choose the correlation. e.g. photons with the same polarization state or orthogonal polarization states. You can’t choose the state of one particle, since the individual states are undetermined.