swansont

1420 MHz is the hydrogen hyperfine transition frequency.

Yes, you should. How much of an effect is there on the sun? How much lighter does it get, as a fraction of its current mass, every billion years?

The next step is to quantify this to see how much on effect there is.

Why? What’s missing, and what is the evidence that it’s missing? Since it’s 1/r, the climb become easier and easier as you move away. The additional shift gets smaller and smaller. Available in all directions? No, but then (as has already been pointed out) anything that is isotropically distributed adds nothing, since it cancels out. GR has been confirmed to a reasonably high precision in many experiments. Gravitational redshift included - it’s a critical part of GPS working properly. Not without some new physics.

Light traveling a million years will travel a million light years (d = ct). Gravitational redshift depends on distance; GM/rc^2 which is based on gravitational potential, not force Falling into the well and climbing out gives the same shift, only differing in sign. The Pound-Rebka experiment confirms this. If the effect were not symmetric you’d have an issue with conservation of energy. So what matters is the shift when it climbs out of the original well. The biggest effect happens near the source. The shift going from 1 million LY to 2 million LY is going to be tiny

If you aren’t near a mass, there’s little gravity to have any effect. No, that’s refraction from the atmosphere. I don’t see how this follows. Light passing near a mass has to fall into the well and then climb out. There might be a deflection, but why would there be a net effect on redshift? That’s proximity to mass, not time. How much of a change in gravitational potential is there between 1 million and 2 million light years away from a mass? I already showed that we do see galaxies that are more distant.

There are 23 member states. France, Germany, Italy, and the UK combine for more than half of the contributions. Germany contributes the most (just over 20%) so that’s a few hundred million euros. But they spend more than 30 billion on R&D (public sector funding) https://www.research-in-germany.org/en/research-landscape/why-germany/research-funding-system.html CERN gets a disproportionate amount of attention

Higher “exposure” to gravity? How much is gravity going to affect light in deep space? How does “time of exposure” factor in?

We do. CEERS-93316 has a proper distance of more than 34 billion LY https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEERS-93316 HD1 is more that 33 billion LY https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD1_(galaxy) Criticism must be accompanied by evidence. Not appeal to personal incredulity.

The visible universe is the universe we can see.

The diameter of the visible universe is ~93 billion LY https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observable_universe

But most galaxies are more distant than that. A galaxy 14 billion LY distant only contributes 1/4 of this. A galaxy 21 billion LY away contributes 1/9.

So you can’t say that there is some value per unit area (or volume) since that varies with distance.

What articles? If you don’t share this information, how are we to evaluate the source?

Net zero kinetic energy? If they each have KE, the system has KE. Since it was measured by humans, it seems a given that it was from our reference frame.

No, the mass of the sun would only include dark matter in the vicinity of the sun. It’s based on the orbits of the planets. It would not include dark matter in other areas. You don’t appear to be accounting for the 1/r^2 nature of the light intensity. The amount of light far away from a source is smaller than near the source. IOW, stars and galaxies are fairly dim compared to e.g. the sun.

Most is electromagnetic, but some wireless technology uses sound waves.

How is it that you are claiming that “the LHC consumed lots of money” and you apparently don’t know how much was spent?

What I believe doesn’t matter. What you believe doesn’t matter. What matters is what you can support with evidence. This being a science discussion site. So, I will ask again: Is there something of substance you wish to discuss, or are you just shilling for the book?

Is it? Show your work. It doesn’t, because photons are massless. They do have energy, though. Conservation of energy trivially tells you this. Again, show your work.

Is there something of substance you wish to discuss, or are you just shilling for the book?

What’s ambiguous about “30% of the speed of light”?

Yep. Misplaced the reaction under discussion..

A neutron decaying into a proton does not produce a photon; you get the neutron, proton, positron electron and neutrino antineutrino. Fusion reactions, though, can involve excited nuclei and nuclear de-excitations can produce photons. Also particle-antiparticle annihilations, as well as acceleration of charged particles, in addition to the electron (atomic) transition.

koti has been banned since his return only showed that his desire was to post in bad faith and stir the pot.