Applied Chemistry

I understand that hydrogen fuel cells essentially separate the hydrogen atom into proton and electron, where the proton passes through a membrane and the electron through a circuit which powers a generator/motor. But the part that confuses me is the end. Why is the oxygen needed to bond the proton and electron together? Is it some sort of catalyst? Also: Why can't the electron be used over and over again? Does it lose some of its energy powering the generator? Any help would be much appreciated. I apologize if my questions have obvious answers, I'm a 13 year old who hasn't learned about the science of fuel cells in school, and I find w…

There is a furnace that gets some use near me for incinerating stuff. I would reckon, from what I know about furnaces, that it probably burns from about 800 to 1200 C (maybe higher) depending what's in it, whether it is closed or not, how full it is and stuff. It has quite a high metal chimney. OK - on the out side of the furnace, sometimes, metal spheres form about 0.5 to 1.5 mm in diameter. They stick to the side of the metal furnace. I was wondering what these could be and the only thing I could come up with was that it could be from metal contaminants in the furnace. It would need to be a common metal with a boiling point lower than 1200 C. I think that maybe…

Hi guys! I have a question regarding chemiluminescence. It's for a semester-wide project. Chemiluminescence is basically the property of some chemical reactions to emit light. It's the same property observed in glow sticks. I am planning to apply this concept in making a light source that is renewable (meaning, the glow can be recharged). Do you guys think that's possible? Thank you!

I have water drop marks on my glass windows on my car that are from presumably tape water (after a wash) & maybe the rain (as it sits outside). A few weeks after I already polished the previous grime & water marks off my glass to perfect clean look, the water marks are back again. They don't wash off with IPA or wax & grease remover which is mostly naphtha, despite a hard rubbing action. Again only an abrasive action of polishing gets the water marks off. Why is this? Anything that can be done to prevent them? I was hoping just a weekly soapy wash would be enough to remove them. thanks

Photon upconversion is a process by which a substance absorbs two lower eneegry photons and then emits one higher energy photon. This can be used to convert infrared light into visible light. Would it be possible to make panels that passively convert infrared into visible light, and if so which would be the best ions to use? I assume I would need a setup that goes something like: Visible light filter, ions in solution, infrared filter. Thoughts?

Can a solution of organic solvent have ionic strength if a salt auch as aliquat 336 is dissolved in it?

I have a lilac farm and I have successfully used an ancient method of extraction in cold fat, known as enfleurage. For 30 days I changed the fresh flowers in contact with the fat and produced a scented pomade of lilac. The next step is to make an absolute of lilac from the pomade. First I understand we are supposed to wash the fat in ethanol, strain and filter the fat from the ethanol and then by vacuum and low temperature, 'boil' off the ethanol to leave the absolute behind in the beaker. Temperatures higher than 90 degrees fahrenheit might destroy or alter the natural scent. My question is, what apparatus would be best for this? I am considering a rotary evaporator or v…

Hi, I urgently need to know how to do this cheers

Can someone pls explain how I use this formula in this context pls cheers

can someone explain how I deals with these types of questions. ive been given lots of equations in terms of equilibira, gibbs, reaction quotients etc, but I don't know about Kp. cheers

sorry had to put up another question, im pretty sure that the higher the kc, the more the products are formed and so I can cancel out C but im not sure about the others cheers

can someone explain what I did wrong pls cheers

Dear all, here's a suggestion to deposit metal catalysts on a thin supporting film. The resulting specific area is favourable, one machine can deposit about any metal and works quickly. The machine resembles the ones that deposit aluminium on polyester film for candy wraps and space blankets. It can be adapted from such a machine, new or second-hand. The machine passes the supporting film between two mandrels and deposits meanwhile the catalyst metal under vacuum. Covering both sides of the film is better, at the same pass even better. Ptfe, Pe and Pp resist many chemicals and may be the supporting film, but they can't be very thin. Nickel, cobalt and alloys can b…

I'm about to glue my Ram X grip phone mount to my windscreen because it doesn't stick properly & have tried everything including a replacement suction cup, none works well. The whole mount just slides down the windscreen within an hour. I had in mind using something like 3M moisture curing urethane adhesive as that is what they use for gluing in windscreens to cars. It sounds like it will stick very well to the glass. I only have one shot at this so wanted to ask: For adhesion of rubber to the urethane glue should the rubber suction cup be roughed up with coarse sand paper or not? Could you think of a better adhesive or something in between the rubber & u…

i wonder if anyone could offer some subtle insight, I have a set of standards of substance X with an appropriate standard curve constructed from this info. The sample of unknown concentration is diluted 10X and thus has produced a much smaller absorbance reading as expected, but I'm stuck on how to correct for this dilution as i'm not sure whether to; A) multiply the absorbance reading by 10 or B) multiply by 10 the figure from the point on the graph where the diluted absorbance reading is.

Choosing electrodes for a galvanic cell, what is the way to predict the voltage such cell will generate ? By looking at the differential in a galvanic series table like ----> http://l-36.com/corrosion.php Which would be +0.25V (Zn) and -1V C) yielding 1.25 Volts ? Or by looking at the differential in an electrochemical series table like ----> http://www.chemistry-assignment.com/electrochemical-series Which would be -0.76V (Zn) and as C is unlisted there, say +0.34V (Cu) yielding 1.1 Volts ? Or some other way ? Would choosing instead, Zn and stainless 316 yield about the same potential of 1.2 Volt ? ----> http://xapps.xyleminc.com/Crest.Grind…

I polished up a sheet of grade 304 that had a brushed appearance. First I wet sanded the surface with 1200grit sand paper to remove these machine brush marks & then machine polished to a mirror gloss using automotive type compound. After the wet sand marks were removed it become clear there was a problem. Although it was like a mirror, tiny specs that looked like metallic flake in a car paint job were visible, on close inspection they are tiny shallow holes. No amount of polishing of wet sanded prevents these, they always form. I'm wondering if this caused by the compound (Meguiars M105) or the chromium oxide (black residue during polishing) or just the air it sel…

What is the chemical formula for barium chloride enneahydrate? Whenever a chemical name is followed by "[prefix]-hydrate", first ignore this last part of the name; hence, write CuCl2. Then, consider that last word - it indicates that there are a number of water molecules corresponding to the prefix - four in this case. The formula is CuCl2 · 4H2O. FeCr2O7: The two elements chromium and oxygen together form a polyatomic ion, Cr2O7(2-), which is known as the dichromate ion. Since it has a -2 charge, the iron must have a +2 charge. Therefore, the name is iron(II) dichromate. Barium dihydrogen phosphate: "Dihydrogen phosphate" is a polyatomic ion formed by addin…

Volumetric analysis and titrations are basic chemistry practicals for high school students, Incidentally, It is one of the branches of applied chemistry that has a lot to do with pharmacy, pharmacology, phamacognosy and drug preparation. It is also applied in quantitative measurements of atoms, metals and ions. Are there other areas where volumetric analysis is applied?

Hello. I have question, it's basic but I want to know different ways to do this. I'm doing some oil tincture and cooking it in my water-bath but glassware flipped when I was off the room and all the oil spilled into water. Most easiest would be cooking water into dissolution or putting it to fridge over-night. Do you have any fun ideas I can do that or just practical?

I recently replaced a wheel bearing assembly on my car. The bearings and race were steel, and they were seated in the aluminum steering knuckle. Removing the bearing assembly required a sledge hammer and a lot of time and effort. Why does that happen? I'm asking here because after an hour of searching on the internet I could only find things about it that were practical, such as putting a graphite paste between the two metals next time. But I couldn't find an explanation of what happens on the molecular level to cause the bond.

I have about a gallon of ethanol that may be contaminated with a small amount of copper sulfate. I am wondering if anyone in these forums can tell me how I can remove the copper sulfate completely (not just the copper ions). I have the means to re-distill the ethanol if distillation will leave the leave the copper sulfate behind. Any information is appreciated.

I'm trying to identify an unknown white crystal experimentally. It dissolves in NaOH (but not water or HCl), and bubbles are evolved when it's added to a solution of sodium bicarbonate so it's acidic. Its boiling point is between 105-130 degrees C. It decolourises bromine water, so it must be unsaturated. This suggests an alkene or alkyne, but I'm not familiar with acidic unsaturated compounds except fatty acids, and that isn't consistent with the boiling point. Does anyone have a clue what this could be? Until it decolourised bromine I was convinced I had benzoic acid on my hands, but since aromatic groups don't undergo addition that doesn't make sense. It doesn't sme…

Hello I was asked if a longer path in a TOF spectrometry gives a better resolution. I thought it was true, because the separation between the heavier and the lighter ions is more clear. Is this right? Thank you

Now that they are using carbon fiber everywhere including in commercial aircraft can anyone give educated answers to what occurs to the bonding of the resins to the carbon fiber over time? Of the bicycle failures I've see most of the failures occur after perhaps two or more years and the failure points do not show a clean break but more of a tearing which gives me the idea that the carbon fibers are losing their bonding to the resin. Of the failures that occur under two years the breaks appear to be clean as if there was a manufacturing error in which there was a bubble around which a fracture occurred. Answers to these questions could affect everything from autom…