Biology

Why do prokaryotes have all those DNA polymerases (I, II, III, IV, V) if DNA pol I has all the needed activities (3'-5' exo, 5'-3' exo, 5'-3' polymerization)? Why not just have DNA pol I????

Why is it the most comfortable temperature 22 to 26*C, and anything above 30C is hot when our body is 36*C

is it possible for a virus to have two different types of receptor-binding protein and so be able to infect two different types of cell?

This year in college I'm given some free time in lab to work on some studies of my own. I've decided to look at several well-known Irish probiotic brands by testing the CFU of their probiotic culture and comparing it to their labelled value. How would I go about this? Isolation of probiotic from yoghurt culture? Inoculate on MRS agar? Addition of bile salts to determine if they would survive? Concentration of added bile salt? Useful research papers? I'm having trouble finding anything online. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Thanks.

Why are a majority of plant leaves green, when they would absorb more of the sunlight's energy if they were black, thus absorbing all of the light spectrum and giving the plant more energy? Surely for this reason and through Darwin's theory of natural selection, plants would all be black as they would grow better and grow in places with less light and consequently prevailing all the other species of plant? Thanks

what condition requires a patient to be put onto a glucose drip? and how does the glucose drip benefit their health?

Wiki: vocal fremitus, is a vibration felt on the patient's chest during low frequency vocalization. Now my question is when you say something, is the vibration passed from larynx to trachea, then from bronchial tree to chest wall or is vocal fremitus referring to just the physical vibration that occurs in the chest when you say something. Thanks

Jerry Coyne says that the point about natural selection requiring three things (heritability, variation, selection) was discussed by Dawkins in The Selfish Gene. I skimmed that book and couldn't find it. Does anyone know where Dawkins discusses this point? I think it was Dawkins' discussion that finally made sense of evolution to me after being raised with a creationist education, but now I can't find the passage I'm thinking of.

Hello everybody who is interested. I am running multiple westerns using gels (I would consider small/standard) 55 x 85 mm. I have just few questions (to start up). Is there anybody who is in the same technology? Thanks, Igor-IICB

So a few weeks ago my group and I submitted two hypotheses for an experiment with regards to Artemia sp. and the effects of varying intensities of light. From the examples I read in my manual, my group submitted this: H0: Light intensity will not have an effect on Artemia sp. Ha: Light intensity will have an effect on Artemia sp. Now I'm sure that that's right, but my question is, exactly how broad/specific should hypotheses like these be? It just seems to broad for me to be considered a hypothesis.

I need to write a ten pages assignments about those two topics.So i need references and links about them.Articles should be somewhat advanced and accurate.So please provide me some links or articles which are of very high standard...Thanks in advance.

Hello everyone, Why is bacterial endospore not called a true spore. So true spore must be an off spring right. In endospore formation bacteria replicates itself and mother DNA dies, so what is inside the endospore is an off spring, not the dormant form of orginal bacteria. So why is endospore not a true spore? Thank you

Hello Guys! Okay, so im a college student sudying animal care level 2 Im currently studying biology with it at the moment...and is stuck on my 5 Kingdoms coursework I know, im 17 and never been good at biology...so was hoping you guys could really help me by explaining what certai words mean :S 1st question is....What is motile and non motile? :S Im trying to find out the characteristics of Kingdom Monera Pleaseee help, would mean sooo much if i pass

What is commensalism, and can you give me an example of it?

Hey guys Im teaching myself about nutrition at the moment and am anchoring more towards what actually happens rather than just taking peoples words for it. Ive been looking into Msg this week and am now totally mythd about its process. From what I can gather it stimulates the glutamate receptor on the tongue (not sure the name of the receptor) which in turn sends neurotransmitters through the nervous systen to the brain which tells the brain how it tastes. The over consumption of glutamate in the transmitters effectively enhances the original flavor of the food. This is as complex as I can find yet is so vague. I really am a beginner trying to do my best. Can…

I need to write a ten pages assignments about those two topics.So i need references and links about them.Articles should be somewhat advanced and accurate.So please provide me some links or articles which are of very high standard...Thanks in advance.

I need to do some innovative project in my college.I am planning to compare microbial content of foods with different expiry dates.In order to write principle for that experiment, I need to understand what exactly is the expiry date.Most of the foods will be fine even after expiry date.Why??What is the basis for calculating expiry date?Is there any difference between expiry date and other forms of it like best before..etc..If there are any aspects of this experiment, please do mention them.Thanks in advance.

hello, i am starting a biology project on homeostasis. I am soppose to find a subject, i was thinking on doing it on the brain or nervous systyme, but that is to general. Could somone help me specify or give me a idea on what to do my project on? and also their has to be alot of information on the web about the topic. thanks, much aprreciated, James.

Please mention techniques, tips to avoid contamination while doing experiments and also suggest some tips to do work with maximum efficiency.Please provide links of important articles or videos related to this topic.Thanks in advance.

Out of these I mean 1. Capsule 2. Cell wall 3. Flagella 4. Nucleus 5. Plasmid Bacteria don't have a definite nucleus, I'm thinking it is cell wall that is a permanent feature. Am I right!!

MHC1 molecules are in all nucleated cells. MHC2 is in macrophages, does this mean they have no nucleus or they have one. Thanks

Hello guys, I'm reading and trying to understand this and going no where. From what I gather in Type 3 hypersensitivity, there is too much antigen and small immune complexes are made, which are not phagocytosed and deposit in tissue causing tissue damage. Then what has Arthus reaction and serum sickness got to do with this concept (small immune complexes). I don't understand Arthus reaction and serum sickness, despite reading it for sometime now

Am doing a research about the mycelial organization and cellular structure of actinomycetes, the problem is I can't find any information on the web about the cell structure, only some information in general without details… Could anybody suggest a good book concluding actinomycetes in details??? I searched in some general microbiology books but….the same problem: there are no details

I was watching a youtube video here that was filmed in Peru. I came to 1:31 and have no idea what this animal could be. Could someone help me to identify this animal? Thanks!

Greetings, I am having a lot of trouble finding the correct answer to this question after reading about them in my book still. The question asks: A patient with acute myeloblastic leukemia might have a very high bone marrow concentration of: neutrophilic myelocytes basophilic myelocytes eosinophilic myeloblasts colony-forming unit erythrocytes--THIS WAS MARKED WRONG neutrophilic stab cells I am very lost at which one would increase? Help would be appreciated.