Medical Science

Hi all, If anyone has had experience with preparing and dosing prednisolone, I would greatly appreciate your advice on a few things. I am looking to prepare prednisolone in 0.5% methyl cellulose - preferably at a concentration of 2 mg/mL. Does anyone have experience using 0.5% MC as a vehicle for prednisolone? How is prednisolone’s stability in MC? Also, could you tell me how often you prepared the prednisolone solution for dosing? Any information would be great. Thanks!

I have a pretty crazy idea, that probably won't work, but it's still worth thinking about. So you know with how we have to go to school, and learn. How cool would it be if we could "upload" information into our brain. I don't know how we would do that. So I have a few questions. When we learn something, are the things we learn put into our memories(like what we ate yesterday), or does what we learn go into a different part of the brain? And what are memories anyways? How does the brain store memories? And are what we learn memories? How are things like learning karate or gymnastics stored in our brain? Is that stored in our memories, or is that a w…

Why would somebody not develop antibodies after vaccination/infection??

Hello everyone, Lets say there is a guy with colorectal carinoma and he developed metastasis in liver. 1. My question is now this guy has a liver cancer as well. Does this liver cancer contain dysplastic cells from colon or does it contain dysplastic hepatocytes. In simple words what I'm asking is in metastatic liver cancer is it the liver cells that are growing out of control or is it in this case cells from the colon has got implanted in liver and this colon cells are growing out of control in the liver. 2. If it is colon cells, does that mean metastatic cancer of liver would not affect the function of liver that much because liver cells are still normal. As opposed…

Does anybody know any websites that will teach me about conjugation in the body?

Hello everyone, I'm talking about retaining urine in the bladder,not renal failure, so I can't think of uraemia as a course. So what is the reason behind this. Thanks

Hello everyone, How does Lymphoedema cause ulcers? Example people with filiariasis having skin ulcers.

So I recently heard about this syndrome which states that there is some sort of a problem with chromosome 17. But also that it is typically not inherited but occurs in problems with reproductive cells (sperm or egg) or in early fetal development. How would such a mutation occur?

Why is that usually, Diarrohea due to large intestine problems usually cause blood and mucus diarrohea While diarrhoea due to small intestine problems usually cause watery diarrohea. Thanks

Hello everyone, From what I have read I have deduced that both bowel peforation and strangulation have same clinical features, which are fever, leukocytosis, pain, tenderness, increase in vital signs (eg tachycardia) 1. Why is this? Is it becase strangulation bowel (which means necrosis really) eventually lead to peforation. If not how do you differentiate between the two? 2. If bowel peforation occurs, peritonitis is bound to happen, so are these clinical features due to peritonitis. If not why do these two things cause these clinical features. Eg why cause fever? 3. If some abdominal organ burst, peritonitis can occur. If a thoracic organ occurs infect…

Hello everyone, Charcot's triad is there to describe the clinical features of acute cholangitis. They are 1.Fever 2. Right upper quadrant pain 3. Jaundice 2 and 3 in charcot's triad is confusing to me. As I want to know if they occur due to cholangitis (infection) or due to gall stone obstructing common bile duct and then getting infected causing cholangitis. Is this charcot's triad made assuming that a gall stone causes cholangitis, or even without a stone would 3 features mentioned in Charcot's triad occur in acute cholangitis. Thanks

A question that was asked on a previous edition of the exam concerning the cardiovascular system, was: Nose decongestion, hypertension and mydriasis may be evoked by a Parasympatholytic Sympathomimetic Parasympathomimetic Sympatholytic Of course, the last 2 are false. Now, there is a big discussion on which of the 2 remaining would be the correct answer. I plead for the sympathomimetic, whereas others prefer the parasympatholytic. Arguments for parasympatholytic: Removal of the sympathetic inhibition by the parasympathetic nervous system Inhibition of the parasympathetic effects by the vagus nerves on SA and AV nodes, increasing heart rate Arguments for sym…

Hi everyone An aspect of my course of energy and metabolism is the influence of cyanides in our body. This is what I've written down during the course, which is confirmed by Wikipedia: Cyanide ion binds with the iron-cation in cytochrome oxidase complex (cytochrome a-a3), inhibiting its possibility to continue the electron transport (the reaction 2 cyt a3-Fe2+ + 1/2 O2 + 2H+ <--> 2 cyt a2-Fe3+ + H2O is inhibited), leading to suffocation. I understand that the blockage of this electron transport inhibits a normal ATP-production, leading e.g. to a reduced or completely inhibited function of the Na-K-ATPase, eventually leading to depolarization, eventu…

Hello! Have a few questions about cancer. Would appreciate in depth explanation if possible since a family member was recently diagnosed with prostate cancer. Do you know if it in theory would be possible to starve away cancer by fasting (Only water) over a longer period? Cancer cells depend on much more glucose? Or will the cancer cells get what they need anyway? Can they then switch to glutamine or something else and still spread? In the studies i have seen they use short term fasting + chemo. On a website they claim fasting on nothing more than such things that cancer don´t like - grapes, curcumin etc can cure cancer. They also mention that mixing something like c…

Let's say there is a bowel perforation and this results in sepsis, I know surgery would have to be done or else the person would die. But my question is , is the person first given aggresive IV antibiotics first and when infection is controlled only surgery done, or in emergency situations like this it is done asquickly as possible as there is no time to wait. Why I ask is wouldn't general anaesthesia be hazardous in a sepsis patient. Also can't the surgery further disseminate the infection if it not resolved first. Do they just take the risk because there is no choice?

Hello everyone, How does this occur. I'm talking about retention (eg urine stuck in bladder) not the pre renal failure which myocardial infarction can obviously cause. Also while we are at it, I also read diuretics can cause retention of urine also. That's interesting because that defeats their purpose in the first place. So how do diuretics also cause urine retention. Thanks

Hi everyone Most of you have been the lucky ones to have received a blow to the stomach (right under the proc. xyphoideus), whether on purpose or not, and first of all, I was wondering if it hurts with you guys as bad as it does to me. To clarify, it's an extreme pain that causes nausea, dizziness, extreme sweating (in short, for all males here: same symptoms you might experience when getting a blow to the scrotum). If not, then I shouldn't ask my next question and well... Not consult a doctor since it's been extremely painful for all my life. I mean serious, just pressing on the top of my stomach (let's call it epigastric region from now on) even feels uncomforta…

I'm aware that electrical stimulation of certain regions of the brain can insight various reactions, and I have recently seen work done with nano machines so small that they could not contain internal electrical components and so were piloted by magnets outside of the human body. Here is my query, what are your thoughts on the potential of piloting injected nanites to various regions of the brain and generating an external field which would cause the nanite to produce a small charge and stimulate regions of the brain through non-invasive means? I mean you still could theoretically run into the problem of getting magnetic fields through the resistant human skull, s…

Hello everyone, I did an internet search on these terms, but I want to make sure if I understood this properly. These are the biopsies I know 1. FNAC: You get a needle and aspirate cells 2. True cut (core) biopsy: You get a bigger needle and aspirate tissue rather than cells. 3. Incisional biopsy: You take a piece of the tissue of interest. Eg if there is an ulcer, you take a wedge shape part of it for histopathology. 4. Excisional biopsy: You take the whole tissue of interest. Eg removing whole lobe of thyroid, to look for follicular carcinoma. Questions 1. Did I understand these terms properly, my biggest confusion is incisional and excisiona…

hi i recently bought some loose black tea, i was wondering if it would be safe to use as a tobacco chew substitute? i do not chew tobacco i know how bad it is, but if i could chew tea i might.

I have a job working 10 hours at a warehouse and I am starving all the time. Which I am usually starving and have issues regulating my weight. When I dont eat enough I gain weight, which is irritating. I trying to figure out a good diet that has enough fat and protein where I dont get hungry but has enough roughage to maintain a healthy weight an regularity. Right now I am 115 pounds and 5,1. I trying to also gain some muscle which I dont seem to ever get, I just lose weight. How do you set up a decent diet plan?

Hello everyone, I thought I understood these terms, but got confused lately . My understanding Congenital- Present at birth Familial: Occuring in family or its members Hereditary: Transmitted or capable of being transmitted genetically from parent to offspring My questions 1. Ok congenital means disease it present at birth. In familial and hereditary also the abnormal genes are present at birth if so why don't their diseases present at birth, why do they manifest later in life? 2. Are all familial diseases hereditary? I really can't differentiate these. Any examples 3. Also aren't some congenital diseases, hereditary/familial? Any examples.…

Hi all, This is my first post here and I apologise I'm not much of a scientist, it is all fairly new to me. Just trying to get my head around how Thiamin becomes depleted in alcoholics and why it is the most supplemented of the vitamins when it comes to alcoholism and refeeding. I understand that Thiamin can become depleted in alcohol abuse since it is used in the metabolism of alcohol to convert Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA. However, I believe that Vitamins B2, B3 and B5 are also somehow involved, so why is it that these vitamins don't also become depleted and require supplementation? Thanks!

Femoral shaft fractures in young children (<5 years of age): operative and non- operative treatments in clinical practice Rapp et al. 2015. Eur Jounal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery. It's accessible through SpringerLink/Shibboleth/Athens None of which I have access to, would be most grateful!

Hy. I have used cortisone spray and injections for breathing problems with my nose and i got intoxicated after a year and a half of treatment. I lost my vitality, concentration power, it made me feel like an old person and I didn't recover back like I was before. I feel like i have no energy. Any opinions ? What should ?