Genetics

Dear ScienceForums Community, I have tried to find an explanatory video to illustrate this process, but could only find videos about the inner workings of the DNA and how it is being decoded to build proteins piece by piece. So the process I'm interested in is the process of how (or if) the brain gives the order to start producing a certain protein. I'm wondering whether there is a certain chemical sent by the brain which then starts the process of protein production in certain cells. I'd be thankful for some insight by the biologists or neuroscientists out here! Best Regards Franz

I understand that the Y-chromosome is much shorter in length than the X-chromosome. I understand that the Y-chromosome is slowly, very slowly, getting shorter. In humans we have several different haplogroups of the Y-chromosome. Are all of the haplogroups the same length? Are all of the PAR regions of the same length and in the same place? Could length of the Y-chromosome affect the health of the gametes?

Human eyes use ganglion neurons to compress data from raw photons and output simple shapes/motions that go to V1 cortex. V1 cortex processes those and compresses to data as objects and motions of objects that go to V2 cortex. A few thousand neurons should allow to put compressed visual data to human's cortices https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/from-light-sight-part-i-photons-neural-signals-gabriel-a-silva https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00424-007-0242-2 https://www.nature.com/articles/srep08344 https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/elon-musks-neuralink-has-implanted-its-first-chip-in-a-human-brain-whats-next/ https://en.wiki…

Hi I am guessing this is the right place to ask this. I am building a Model of DNA using coloured craft sticks, which happen to be in 4 colours Red, Green, Yellow and Blue which is ideal for representing A G C T as the base molecules Amine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine As I am putting these in pairs, can I have the same molecule connected together? e.g AA GG CC TT Looking at the diagram on the compound chemistry https://www.compoundchem.com/2015/03/24/dna/ I am guessing not, as this does not show pairs that are the same. Just asking anyway. Going Ok so far, I just need some string to tie everything together. And yes I know …

It's said that we share a little bit more DNA with our mother, compared to our father. Does it also mean that we also share a little bit more DNA with cousins from our mother side, compared to our father side?

And if so, how?

How to create a mechanism for changing an animal's eyes in response to hunger and satiety? I thought of mTOR1 detection and further expression of the GFP genes that we'll theoretically integrate into model animals eyes. How do I detect activation or inhibition of mTORC1? With the help of which receptors? It is clear that it changes its state depending on amino acid hunger/saturation, but how to send a command to the gene for GFP expression in response to this? How will the genes know when to stop? How can the already formed protein be destroyed after it stops being synthesized? is there anything you can put under the TFEB promoter, at least the same GFP protein with some …

Hello, some time ago i read an article about how many thousands of years it takes for DNA to double in length. It was news at the time and I expected they would expand on that in the future but now I can't seem find anything about it. Could someone point me in the right direction ? Thanks in advance

https://archive.is/2024.01.03-125833/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2024/01/fetal-maternal-cells-microchimerism/676996/ Years ago, the patient had carried a male embryo, whose cells had at some point wandered out of the womb. They’d ended up in his mother’s thyroid—and, almost certainly, a bunch of other organs too—and taken on the identities and functions of the female cells that surrounded them so they could work in synchrony. Bianchi, now the director of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, was astonished: “Her thyroid had been entirely remodeled by her son’s cells,” she said. The woman’s case wasn’…

This has been asked before but not adequately answered. "It's indicated online that 1–4% of the genetic material of modern non-African humans is Neanderthal DNA but this doesn't make sense when both Neanderthals and earlier-Sapiens both evolved from a common ancestor." I just don't know what "4%" this is referring to. Neanderthals and modern humans share a plethora of features; bilateral symmetry 2 eyes, 2 ears, 2 kidneys, 2 hands each with 4 fingers and a thumb; complex organs kidney, liver, lung, brain; and the chemicals and hormones that support them; and a million other things. Am I to believe that all of this is encoded in less than 1% of our codi…

Dear Friends We are going to isolate human mesenchymal stem cells from fat tissue. Different studies have used different media for isolation and expansion of these cells. Which medium is more suitable for these cells? DMEM high glucose, DMEM low glucose, DMEM/F12 or alpha MEM all supplemented with 10-15 percent FBS. Any suggestions will be appreciated. Regards

So below, for your kind reference, is a bunch of DNA strands My question is, can you point to the dark purple areas and say, with confidence, that 'that portion of DNA strand is the dna that controls skin colour' or that little bit of light purple in the 5th section is the part that controls hair colour etc etc?

my great grandparents were irish immigrnats i reckon they repeatedly married into brown families that were either supremely beautiful or moneyed in my case it was a case of 4x beautiful generations resulting in a Hermesian perfect human being (fig 1)? this is purely a science oriented question like i would strip in front of a doctor or as part of a science experiment to showcase my unique perfection purely out of scientific interest nothing explicit about these photos Photos removed by moderator

I know that the term "subspecies" does not really have a precise definition, but I was wondering if there was a kind of consensus used by biologists. I imagine there is a kind of "critical mass" of difference where most people look at two animals and say, "yeah, that's not just two different animals anymore; those are actually different subspecies." But where is the line? Yes, obviously, it must vary from case to case, but are there any guidelines that biologists use? Also, I know that "breed" implies human intervention. But why are breeds not subspecies? Why, for example, are Shiba Inus and Beagles not separate subspecies? Is it simply that they don't occur wi…

Hello all together, I have a question that explicitly refers to a SNP that is calculated to have a damaging/deletious effect. Now I ask myself whether this effect should also be seen in the IGV? It is exactly this SNP (https://varsome.com/variant/hg38/chr2-165315571-C-T?). Can anyone give me tips on how to track down the SNP and tell me more precisely whether the calculations are correct? I have the sample in front of me, a screenshot is attached. And if I should be completely on the wrong track I would also like to know why. I want to learn I thank you in advance to everyone who gives me an answer here.

I'm trying to understand the basics of my mutation. I have all the information - but I'm having a hard time making sense of it. Here is the report... "FH, Exon 10, c.1445T>G (p.Leu482*) "This sequence change creates a premature translational stop signal (p.Leu482*) in the FH gene. While this is not anticipated to result in nonsense mediated decay, it is expected to disrupt the last 29 amino acid(s) of the FH protein." Now when I look at exon 10 in the database https://databases.lovd.nl/shared/refseq/FH_NM_000143.3_codingDNA.html. 1445 is ATG, and mutation makes it AGG. But my report says it creates a premature stop codon, but AGG is not a stop codon. I…

Hi, i have two questions for you: 1. There is any product that can help to restore the blonde? 2. If a darker blonde who was blonde go to the north become blonde again? Or no

Good day, can the rs198389 (T-381C) polymorphism involving a thymine to cytosine swap at position 381 of the BNP gene be written differently? Some publications on the rs198389 polymorphism describe CC, TC and TT genotypes, but some refer to GG, AG, AA genotypes. On the other hand, in a database, e.g., National Center for Biotechnology Information, there is a record of A>G alleles. Please help me determine the nomenclature and the reason for the discrepancy in the polymorphism record. Thank you in advance for your help

Hello everyone, I am a new student on DEBrowser. I carried out a comparative analysis of the expression of my genes, of RNA-seq, and I wanted to do an analysis by MAplot. However, I don't understand what is the unit used by DEBrowser to draw the A axis? Does anyone have a solution? Thanks !

I am interested in how Prime numbers relate to biology. A double helix is made of 2 logarithmic spirals. And there is a field of bioinformatics which I know nothing about. But are there relationships with Primes in biology and if so where should I begin. That is with no training in biology. I found a journal article on the subject but it didn’t get interesting till the last paragraph. And the article didn’t explain these relationships. https://d197for5662m48.cloudfront.net/documents/publicationstatus/39104/preprint_pdf/e048de98234bc62175f7f7c0a366e35b.pdf I found it interesting that Prime quantities are found in the n…

It's indicated online that 1–4% of the genome of modern non-African humans is Neanderthal DNA but this doesn't make sense when both Neanderthals and earlier-Sapiens both evolved from a common ancestor. Are the 1-4% Neanderthal genes what is left over after they've subtracted the identical DNA? If yes, what is the percentage of homo sapiens genes after we subtract the identical DNA?

Hello, Everyone knows DNA sequencing: to obtain the genome of a specific object... But is the opposite possible? Let me explain: Is there a device to create this customized sequence ("ATGATTCGGCTGAAGTGA")? Or, second example: I get the genome of a protein and I modify it to improve the ability of the protein to act... Now I have my new DNA sequence on my computer but how can I transform it into a real sequence? And is it possible to do that? I don't want to buy this lab device but I'm curious if it exists? Thank's lot

I'm trying to understand my non-epileptic GLUT1 deficiency syndrome on a genetic level because my experiences with it doesn't make sense completely with how it's explained. I don't need medical advice because the treatment is plainly a ketogenic diet. No drugs. GLUT1-DS is an autosomal dominant genetic metabolic syndrome. Basically the nervous system and red blood cells can't use carbohydrates effectively as fuel and therefore starve of energy. The movement disorder symptoms which occur after physical activity are basically the same symptoms of when a vehicle is running out of gas. The gas being ketones for someone with GLUT1-DS. I judge whether I'm produci…

Hello, I was wondering how close genetically can two organisms be related and still be considered different species? How different can tow organisms be and be considered the same species? How close genetically can two organisms be and be considered different Genera? How different can two organisms be and be considered same Genus? I am wondering in regards to basidiomycetes fungi specifically. Thanks!

What kind of frequency is considered to be a very deep male voice? 100HZ? 90HZ? 80HZ? I want to do later as scientist a genome wide association study of human voice level. I speculate that you can find out which SNPs in which genes do have an influence on human voice level. I would messure the human voice level of 20'000 men. Then I would do my study in this way: I take every man that has a deeper voice than 80HZ. And compare their genotype data with all men who have a higher voice than 80HZ. And then I would take every man who has a deeper voice than 85HZ and would compare with every men who has a higher voice. Is this succesfull?