Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Hello, In ß-oxydation, when an activated fatty acid is shuttled from the cytosol into the mitochondria, it sheds a CoA-SH moiety and then regains another one once inside the mitochondria, through the acylcartinine transferase II. My question is: where does the energy to re-attach a new mitochondrial CoA to the fatty acid come from? When it was activated in the cytosol by the acylCoA synthetase, it consumed one ATP. How comes it does not need an ATP again, for the same reaction once inside? Is it because acylcarnitine contains a high-energy bond that can provide the energy necessary to recreate the thioester bond to form acylCoA again? Thanks...

hi everyone! I am currently trying to find some information about integrins. Does anyone know what integrin has got the most important activity in cell to ECM adhesions in mammary cells? Thank you.

I have been on Amlodipine for approximately 1 1/2 years. It was prescribed before I left the hospital after OD after experiencing 1 1/2 years of psychosis. I happen to believe it may have been brought on by B12 deficiency, but I was never checked for that. It came out of nowhere. As I finally started recovering from that this last year, I started developing motor symptoms, mainly affecting my walking and especially in my left leg. I started researching and found the commonality between the two and suspected low B12. I tried to get my doctor to test for this, but because I don't have anemia, he refused to do so, even with my recent past and twice coming back with macrocyto…

I searched for it but didn't find an answer. I was wondering how many unique molecules there are in the human body. Not the total number of molecules, but the total number of unique molecules. Also, have we discovered all of them yet? Is it possible there are still chemical reactions occurring in the human body we don't even know about yet?

Hi, I placed this question in the "Evolution, Morphology and Exobiology" sub-forum, and didn't get many responses, so i thought I try my luck here. I’m curious about how biological processes arose from pre-biological ones (i.e., how life arose). The “RNA World Hypothesis” suggests that RNA-like molecules are a good candidate. However, in order to entertain this hypothesis, one has to presume there was either a natural abundance of nucleotide monomers floating around – in an environment that encouraged them to form into polymers… or, there was some natural process that was essentially producing RNA chains, of various lengths and consisting of various nuc…

What would be a cheap experiment setup to test the activity of liver enzymes? The Substrates to test their activity shouldn't be a problem. I'm asking more about the way the enzymes could be prepared. My research on the web has shown so far , that most studies used microsomes (that are too expensive for me to produce/order). I wondered if it could also be done with a thin slice of liver or an other kind of setup like this. Note: As I am asking this for a school project the equipment should be cheap/already available at school. If there is no "cheap" option, which I suspect, then I would still be interested in the setup.

Hi there, I have a question, if protease would be in the same solution as lipase with other proteins would protease necessarily hydrolyse the lipase enzyme? Thank you.

So we received a homework assignment and there are a few questions I am not sure about. Here they are: 1. So we are given the Melphalan and we are supposed to draw the structure in an aqueous buffer at a pH of 2.0. What does that look like? We certainly did not cover this in class and it's not in our Biochem book. Any suggestions or help would be much appreciated. Is it as simple as protonating the two amine groups and the carboxylic acid since the medium is acidic? 2. We are given amoxicillin which has a phenol, an amine, two amides, a sulfide, and a carboxylic acid group. Which of these functional groups are acidic and which are basic? (I recall our professor …

Since i can't find any answers to my question online, i thought i should make a topic myself so maybe some expert answers Can't find any good nutritional facts on these one : Grape Seed Extract (grape not grapefruit) Acerola Extract (as a vitamin C source) Chaga Mushroom I'm on a ketogenic diet and don't know if any of These supplements cause insulin Spikes and could kick me out of ketosis. I take the Grape seed extract and the acerola extract usually 1 hour before breaking my fast. Sometimes i make myself a chaga tea and sip to my meals. could one of These Habits kick me out of ketosis ? Other question, because …

I was annotating mitochondrial genomes, and it dawned on me that all the mitochondrial protein coding genes except CytB have a terminal stop codon. Cytochrome b instead ends on a lone T, and the TAA stop codon is completed by the addition of 3' A residues to the mRNA. But why? Why is CytB different?

What happens in and around cells during inflammation, on a biochemical level?

Ive been using a custom made mastermix that for some reason results in a qPCR curve that has a baseline lift. I have attached a crude drawing of what the graph looks like. Due to the baselift lift the CP values are really early, as early as cycle 15. Playing with the initial denaturation temp, denaturation and annealing steps didnt solve the problem. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Thanks

Hi all, I'm a Canadian researcher concentrating on the area of proteomics. Mobile labs are known to be cost effective, durable and energy efficient as well. It's been a long time, I'm planning to establish a portable research lab with state-of-the-art equipment, the best of the best, including digital surveillance and communication, an inbuilt mechanical system for basic comfort cooling or for precise temperature and humidity control, emergency power, lighting, water, ancillary support systems and a filtration system to meet the specified cleanliness levels. Shipping containers are a cost-effective and timely solution that offers high quality and use…

Hey all, So I have a sample of RNA with a MW of ~7000 g/mol forming a stem-loop structure, and about a month ago I used ESI to run the sample on the mass spec and saw the expected distribution of charge states cleanly (sprayed from methanol:water in the negative mode). I stored the RNA sample in MQ water at -20 celsuis in the meantime. Now I tried again today using the same ESI conditions with my sample and saw nothing new to the background except for a peak at m/z=264 or 265. There is nothing in the upper ranges of m/z=600-1000 which I was looking successfully at a month ago. Now my first guess is the RNA has degraded during storage, but what I don't get is wouldn't …

If I have generated a cell line that expresses a receptor X, that is stimulated by a protein ligand Y, and I can readout receptor activation because its activation is linked to the transcription of a fluorescent protein, how can I get to know the dynamics of receptor activation/inactivation. I want to know the experiment layout, controls, and the expected results in different scenarios.

Hi all. Does anyone know of any studies that confirm the virulence of fungi in connection with human cell interactions - in particular, is there any evidence confirming that human fungal pathogens directly manipulate the sonic hedgehog pathway in order to facilitate disease within human cells?

Chronic diseases like diabetes or celiac disease are believed to be only handled by specific external medication or/and a diet. I try to provide a theory for many or nearly all chronic diseases. A fact is that the pH value of blood is highly important for the health of the body. With a pH value below 7 you are going to die. I try to make clear that the pH value of blood is the basic indicator for any chronic disease that could occur in humans. Why is that? As I pointed out in a former post, the pH value is of immense importance because blood is present throughout the whole body except of the cornea of the eye. Its pH value is in the range of 7.35 - 7.45. Since blood i…

Do you have the same problem as me? Mold growing at the bottom of your garbage can. Sure the bag holds most of the garbage whether it be solid or liquid. However, some garbage material does leak through to the bottom of the can..usually liquid stuff like broth, milk, water, chicken juice etc. After several weeks of cleaning the can with bleach, the mold is back again, feasting on my withdrawn garbage. I've thought of different solutions that may keep the mold at bay. Can't used bleach or ammonia, cause of the smell, and vinegar and alcohol will evaporate away. But then an idea struck me: Why not coat the bottom of the can with table salt? …

I work on Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) using MDA-MB-468 as a model cell line. I use EGF as an EMT inducing signal. I’ve done imaging to confirm that cells undergo EMT post EGF treatment. They become more elongated and spindle. I’ve also done qPCR that shows 20 fold higher vimentin expression upon EGF treatment. I’ve also done Immuno fluorescence with anti vimentin (ab195877 – abcam), which shows higher amount of vimnetin in EGF treated cells. But I am unable to detect vimentin in western blot. However I have a positive control lane in the SAME BLOT (cell lystae from MDA-MB-231 – vimentin positive cell line), that gives a prominent band at the expected size. …

thank you so much!

Thank you so much! Also, is it true that NADH oxidation requires oxygen reduction?

Is there a protein complex embedded in a membrane that uses H+ to attach a phosphate group onto ADP for each of the 8 nucleotides? dATP, dGTP, dTTP, dCTP, rATP, rGTP, rUTP, rCTP? Or can you link me with some information in this regards? Thanks.

Why do we still use SDS-Page when we have other technologies like Mass Spec?

It is common knowledge that insulin is primarily involved in blood glucose homeostasis by storing excess glucose into liver, muscles and fat cells. My question is, does insulin have any other physiological role other than the above? Perhaps it serves some other purpose somewhere. Has there been any studies regarding the other roles of insulin? Please enlighten me.

I would like to know if somebody knows how to find a MIRNA that targets a particular gene sequence. It would be of immense help Thanks in Advance Priyanka