Can children inherit something caused by outside causes. Something that their parents got during their life? Like HIV, losing hearing, something broken...

Again, there are no mechanisms for this. Something like hearing loss may be genetic, but if the parent lost their hearing from a loud explosion, it won't transfer to their offspring. Same for broken bones. A disposition towards deficient calcium (and therefore brittle bones) may be genetic and passed along to children, but a fall that breaks a mother's leg will NOT cause a similar injury in her child. The body doesn't work that way.

Has any son of a circumcised man ever been born pre-circumcised?

There have been very very many circumcised men, so that's a pretty large sample.

(I'm willing to bet the answer is "no"!)

 

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Edit: just to note on re-reading the OP, HIV is something that can be transmitted, it's a disease. But from parent to child wouldn't actually be particularly easy (to my poor medical knowledge), unless to a baby in-utero. An HIV positive parent hugging their child won't pass on the disease.

 

Edited January 26, 20196 yr by pzkpfw

2 hours ago, anaccount123456 said:

Can children inherit something caused by outside causes. Something that their parents got during their life? Like HIV, losing hearing, something broken...

Maybe If spiderman has children?

Certainly some diseases can -  be "inherited".    HIV can be a congenital disease and our normal flora/microbiomes originates in part from parents.  to the other aspects of your question - acquired characteristics are generally not heritable.  http://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions-and-treatments/conditions/c/congenital-hiv/symptoms-and-causes

 

On ‎1‎/‎26‎/‎2019 at 8:17 PM, anaccount123456 said:

Can children inherit something caused by outside causes. Something that their parents got during their life? Like HIV, losing hearing, something broken...

There might be some mechanism since it can in some cases significantly increase survivability/adaptability. This is for wild animals, not for modern humans.