CharonY

Gluconeogenesis has little to do with energy creation or respiration per se. The only exception, of course, is for the brain, which requires glucose. In other tissues amino acids are simply entering the TCA and provide reduction equivalents for oxidative phosphorylation. For some amino acids this pathway is much shorter than glycolysis.

Actually it is not. Regarding the OP, I am not familiar with that book. However, it looks to me like overselling points and possibly cherry picking studies. I would check out the cited studies and see, what others with possibly different outcomes may be around.

What type of complex analyses?

Magnification is not everything the numerical aperture is even more important if you want to resolve bacteria (this is why you need immersion to begin with). With a decent 60x (either water or oil immersion, though water is more convenient) and a 10x in your ocular you can decently see bacteria. Ideally with phase contrast. That being said, it is hard to judge without actually using it. I always make some slides with specimen of interest and take a look by myself before deciding to shell out 70k or so.

Are you sure you got your definitions right? IIRC the Pasteur effect was referring to the inhibition of fermentation during aeration. Glycolysis of course also works under aerobic condition. Also, the Krebs cycle is normally active under both conditions, as it provides critical precursors for other anabolic pathways. What is true, however, is that the ATP generated during ethanol fermentation is gained from glycolysis, rather than the actual fermentation process. This does not make glycolysis a fermentative process per se, though. Also I am surprised that you imply that the phosphofructokinase is inhibited by ATP, as it requires to transfer the phosphate group (in my memory there is some feed-back inhibition by PEP, though). I am not quite sure how the graphs you are talking about look like, but what I think may be the point is the following: glycolysis produces precursors for the TCA as well as ATP. TCA produces reduction equivalents (and precursors for other pathways that are of no interest here). Reductions equivalents are used in oxidative phosphorylation if possible, if not they have to be regenerated via fermentation (some fermentative processes generate additional ATP, others do not).

Antioxidants do not work on the level on which we need oxygen. If they would do that (e.g. by inhibiting the electron transfer to oxygen) they would kill you. However, during normal aerobic respiration reactive oxygen species are formed, especially be leaking of electrons out of the quinon pool, that are potentially harmful. In theory antioxidants are supposed to counter effects at this point. Whether they really do work well outside of controlled lab situations, I do not know. Maybe there are some clinical trials around, but I am not actively aware of them.

First of all the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation does not give perfect results as it does not take effects like ionic strengths into account. Second, it is possible that one of the pKa values is actually a thermodynamic (i.e. theoretical) one that may differ slightly from empirical values. In the lab the latter supersedes the former. I do believe that at RT normally you will get pH of around 6.8 rather than 7.2.

This is incorrect, the Krebs cycle does not require oxygen. Also, not all electron transport chains end with oxygen, though the textbook versions generally mean the type of oxidative phosphorylation that uses oxygen as terminal electron acceptor. From your question I assume you are confusing things here, as lactic acid fermentation is a process different from glycolysis (and there are again several versions of it out there). So basically, why do you think that pyruvate has to be fermented to lactate? What kind of respiration are we talking here about and which organism?

The first part is not considered to be GM under current law. Only direct manipulations of the genome fall under that. Interestingly enough, undirected mutagenesis (e.g. by radiation) is also generally not subject to GM rules.

In addition, the massive silencing actions only took place after they got into power. In fact, the fear of communists (which is one of the major reasons why the right-wing finally supported Hitler) had probably a bigger role in them winning the election. Together with populist propaganda of course. They actually did have brownshirts disrupting other party's meetings and similar, but their chokehold on free press was much later.

There are papers out there in which cell signaling are affected by stiffness, geometry etc. of the surrounding tissues. These are of course prerequisites for cell differentiation. I do not think that they used stem cells (and hence also looked at differentiation). I have not read the article but if the second paragraph is pulled from it, it is IMO overselling the points by quite a bit.

Sorry, you do not make much sense right now. I assume you mean the gfp gene, but in order to put it into a cell you need to clone it into a vector first. Since it is not clear whether it is already on a vector or not I cannot comment more on that. So essentially you would get or create a vector with gfp include the correct promoters and transform it into a given cell (heat transformation does only work with a limited number of cell types). The vector should be stored frozen. If you want to isolate the GFP protein, it is somewhat different, after isolation again, it has to be frozen. If anything proteins tend to die faster than DNA.

A realistic one?

GFP is the protein itself. Are you refering to transformation and what do you mean by "it"?

Wait a tick here. According to Wikipedia the proportion of immigrants in the UK is roughly 9%. In comparison France has 10.18%, Spain 11.45%, Germany 12.31%. Obviously in absolute numbers the UK is ranked behind Germany and France. Is it possible that the perception is worse than reality? Edit: I just browsed some EU statistics and also only including asylum seekers UK is not at the top spot (at least for 2009). The origins are slightly different between the countries, though. However, Germany and UK have large similarities with many applicants coming from Afghanistan (1130 Germany, 880 UK) or Iran (630 Germany, 650 UK). In addition Germany got 1945 from Iraq (either none or too few to have an own category in the UK), whereas UK got 760 from Zimbabwe. Altogether at least these figures do not support a movement to and accumulation in the UK. Edit2: Realizing that in quite a number of theses cases some extreme hardships and tragedies may be represented, listing them like some kind of sports results feels kind of odd.

GFP? As in Green fluorescent Protein? Or do you mean DNA coding for GFP? In any case, standard procedure is to aliquot it. Generally -80° is advisable or at least -20. There is probably not much empirical data out there for something like -8°.

Precisely. This is a bit easier to see in fermentation reactions in which energy generation and NAD+ regeneration is sometimes decoupled. An example is in the pathway from acetyl-CoA to ethanol, in which only NAD+ is regenerated, but no ATP is produced.

You have to look broader. More specifically check oxidative phosphorylation. While I do not want to tell you everything in detail, think about the following: what role does oxidative phosphorylation has and what happens to NADPH in that pathway. Then think about what would happen to NADPH if oxidative phosphorylation was inhibited due to lack of ADP. Only after that make the link to the TCA cycle.

Is it bad that I found Mazur's articles even funnier? The idea of a science mafia is kind of cool. "You have not provided confidence intervals" *sound of breaking bones*

The data is conflicting (and I am not knowledgeable enough to disentangle that), although the common themes appears to be that it does only partially scale (if at all), it depends on the kind of crimes and sociologists like to tear each others studies apart.

25 is surely not too old. However, consider what you want to do with a PhD. Independence is not necessarily one of the things you will get. In industry you obviously have a project to manage (or something in that line), whereas in academia you will not reach independence up until you get tenured, which usually happens when you are in your forties (and which only around 20% of all PhDs will manage to get). And even then you have to be in a competitive field that may pull in grants. Finally, interdisciplinary sounds good, but be aware that it may actually make it harder for you to get a position way later on (I am talking from experience here). The reason is that most departments are still organized along the common disciplines. An interdisciplinary research often has a worse fit than someone in the traditional area. It is easy to make a postdoc, maybe even assistant prof. But tenure can easily become a massive hurdle. Also note that some interdisciplinary areas are more established than others. The less established ones are usually even more of a problem. In other words, be wary of the hype. Finally, grades are usually only of interest (in a bad way) if they are abysmal. Lack of research can be countered if you start in the lab as an intern (it depends a bit how desperate a lab is in need for bodies and how fast you can learn your way around the lab).

I assume that many will already have read that the often cited paper linking autism to vaccines has retracted. Little to debate there. However an interesting point was made by the editor of the Lancet (the journal in which it was published) made an interesting point: What do you think? http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/08/did-the-media-inflame-the-vaccine-autism-link/?hp

Uh, I kind of disagree with that. It depends on what you want to know. In some cases it is particular interesting to look at non-selective areas.

There are various options, depending on how you inserted the insert to begin with (and what kind of vector it is). Do the promoters have convenient MCS or are they part of the insert?

Or pre-emptive death penalty. If you kill everyone, no crime will happen ever again.