studiot

Not quite, no. There is no such neutral molecule as the ammonium molecule for instance.

So you are open to some form of evolution. This is good because I am succeeding in getting you to think. The 'Bible' is not one book but really like a folder or filing drawer containing many books. And there are many versions not just the one. Each version leaves out some books but includes some that others do not so every one is different. The whole collection was written over the best part of a thousand years. Furthermore Two separate versions were written - one in Greek and one in Hebrew. I know this because a late school friend who was a lawyer so retired early and comfortably wanted to read the bible - but in the original. So after retirement he spent a few years learning Greek and Hebrew. He then took an Masters in The Bible as a source book - That is not religous but trying to find the meaning and history behind the writing. We had quite a few conversations about his studies and I must admit that I learned many things about the Bible that I did not know. For instance Jesus would have spoken Aramaeic. Because of the scattering of the tribes in that period of writing the old testament there were two centres of Jewish culture, one base in Alexandria where they spoke Greek and one in Jerusalem where they spoke Aramaeic and wrote in Hebrew. The two centres are 500 miles apart by sea and almost a thousand miles apart by land. So two versions of the old testament were written, in two different languages and you can imagine the difficulties correlating the histories over that distance, language barrier and the time it took for reports to reach one or the other. So you can see why it is easy to find discrepancies in those circumstances. In centuroes past, from Kepler to Galileo to Maxwell to Lyell to Hutton and many others the wise men of the day set out to proove the Bible, not to disprove it There were suprises when what they found sometimes disagreed with the established churches. Back to Parrot as you will see from the full introduction to the book by Keller The Bible as History, from which I took the quote, modern scientists in the guise of archaeologists try to see what they can what historic records the Bible has to offer compared with records from other civilisations and what they can literally dig up. But is it always to be remembered that the authors of the Bible had no concept of The Americas or the thriving very advanced Chinese civilisation; their 'world' was confined to a small area in the Middle East.

Can I respectfully suggest you make the effort to get swansont's name right ? I know I make a lot of typos but this would show some actual respect. Can I also recommend a course in basic mechanics as you are just sowildly adrift here. This is needed particularly before venturing into fluid mechanics where there are indeed two forms of analysis the Lagrangian formulation and the Eulerian formulation. But you should also be aware that these two formulations, aalthough they appear different are actually equivalent.

OK if they are the same, how did they come to be so different ? How did we come to look pretty similar to the people of the bible lands, but very differnt from say the chinese or indonesians ? I gave you Professor Parrot's thoughts because his were pretty similar to yours, what did you think ?

I would like to know why you think that.

OK so if I understand you correctly you wish to measure the resistance of a length of rail section ? You should be aware that electrical resistance does not change with frequency - IOW there is no such thing as AC resistance per se. If AC is involved it has a frequency dependant property called impedance, which is a compound quantity of the resistance and the ac reactance. Commonly instead of Vdc = IdcR (ohm's original law) we have Vac = IacZ One method of measuring the resistance is to use a variable frequency generator and measure the ratio of Vac / Iac For a range of frequencies and plot a graph of the result. You can then extrapolate this graph back to zero frequency (ie DC) to obtain the resistance component. This technique is often used to get around two effects that can upset the measurement. One is polarisation and the other is the effects of contact potentials or contact resistance with the measuring equipment. Does this help ?

Before I offer you some more amterial, here is a small question for you to think about. The Bible only refers to a small number of the worlds peoples. What do you think about where the ones it does not refer to came from ? Here is an interesting quote from a famous archaeologist Professor Andre Parrot

The short answer is yes, but it rather depends upon what you are trying to do. It is not as simple as you think. If you would like to tell us more about your problem we can help further.

A Short poem. The liberals and the greens Are nowhere to be seen Reform is interesting because half their policies are to the left of our left wing parties and half is to the right if our right wing parties. They have no middle. Since you worked the control room at Drax, you I am sure you are well aware that the whole point of a grid is that it is not a linear structure and it is not necessary to transmit the electricity 500 miles over a grid. I am also sure that you are in a far better position than I to estimate the losses (= pumping costs) of oil and or gas over thousands of miles as compared to electricity losses over suitable cables. The UK buys geen (nuclear) energy from France and southern Europe now buys solar exported from north Africa. There are now several pumped storage facilities in Scotland, the nearest match to Dinorwig is Cruachan. Interestingly Drax limited bought Cruachan in 2018.

Kind of you.

If you don't mind my asking What University are you at and what course are you studying ?

@Sensei a question for you My impression of these constructs is that the English I see is good, too good in fact. I wonder if they incorporate some sort of after filter to ensure this. It is easy for a clumsy human like myself to spot the product of a construct.

Some interesting responses there +1

And then again, maybe not. The government's policy, announced yesterday is for all newbuild to have solar panels, so why would the new owners need extra grid supply ? Further the scheme for selling back surplus solar generation has now ended. We are also told that the building regs will be altered to make newbuild gas boilers illegal. Yet more tinkering around the edges instead of a proper set of regs, properly enforced, so that folks buying will not be subject to the gremlins of today. But in any event the official statistics say that electricity demand is currently declining.

And yet electricity use in the UK has been declining for at least 20 years. https://www.statista.com/statistics/323381/total-demand-for-electricity-in-the-united-kingdom-uk/ It is difficult to get historic electricity use figures. The government statistics office in particular wraps it obtuse ways and considers 'energy by sector'. Energy use overall has fallen significantly since 1970 So why do we need this new distribution network ? All I see is that two nuclear power stations near me have been happily supplying power since 1966. All of a sudden a third one is nearly finished (within 5 years nearly !) and the wise and wonderful have decided that the old transmission equipment is no longer 'good enough' so new pylons are being built. Tjose same wise and wonderful folks have spent the last decade ripping up the south east and south midlands to great distress locally to build that crazy train costing billions and bilions. If they ahd really though about it they could have provided a new spine for the grid, just where it is allegedly needed, within the 'land- take'.

Thank you for your reply. I'm afraid we will have to disagree on both your 'solution' and your analysus of the problem. If we cannot accomodate existing North Sea wind capacity, why are we encouraging more to be built at this time ? There are serious logical flaws in the whole setup. Mrs Thatcher's so called 'market' has been ruining our economy since the 1970s.

Apparantly green suppliers such as wind and solar are regularly being paid large sums to not produce electricity in the UK. BBC NewsThe huge sums energy firms get to not provide powerCould the government's radical plan to change the way the UK distributes electricity really bring down bills - or just lead to a postcode lottery? The tile of this thread says it all.

In more physical terms than KJW's answer If F(w) is the fourier transform of f(t) then (1/a)F(w/a) is the fourier transform of f(at) where a is a positive constant scale factor which changes the duration of the waveform in time. If a> 1 the waveform f(at) is compressed in comparison with the waveform f(t). The spectrum is then more spread out. Which is the maths underlying what I think is your question and correct observation. +1 This is known a a similarity relation and makes the process scale independant. Note the 1/2 is dimensionless so the product delta-t delta-omega is dimensionless and is the condition for a similarity transformation. The meaning depends upon the function chosen for f(t) so KJW's gaussian function has minimal spectral width, in contrast to the width of a rectangular pulse ( a la Dirac) which has infinite spectral width The maths we are discussing is pure maths but it not only leads to the classical uncertainty in radio waves that exchemist mentioned it also leads to the HUP.

Some further notes. Commutativity is more complicated than just commutable and non-commutable. For matrix multiplication Some matrices will commute with their transpose. some will commute with their complex conjugate matrix. But some will not. but reversal of the order may make MN = - NM ( this is called anticommuting.) Some pairs of matrices will multiply as MN just fine but cannot be multiplied at all as NM simply because they have incompatible rows and columns. In classical wave theory there is an uncertainty principle (not the HUP) which reads [math]\Delta t\Delta \omega \ge \frac{1}{2}[/math] Where delta t is the RMS duration of a wave packet and delta omega the RMS bandwidth. To prove this you start with Parsevals theorem introduce the Schwarz inequality and several pages of calculus. Maxwells Reciprocal theorem has an interesting form of commutation In a linear-elastic system a unit load applied at A produces a deflection at B which is the same deflection as the unit load applied at B produces at A.

Once again this shows your failure to understand Physics and Mathematics. In particular the meaning of the word 'conjugate' I have alredy explained in some detail the meaning in relation to HUP, which is not the same as the meaning in your extracts. Please tell us that you have not spent the last 5 months hunting for 'conjugate pairs' without understanding what that means ? Quantities, Variables or other entities P and Q are said to be conjugate if when combined according to specified rules produce a specified result. These quantites may or may not be physical quantities for instance x and 1/x are conjugate when the specified result is the number 1 or the identity in certain sets. Such relationships are so common that other particular names are given to the conjugacy for instance, adjunct, inverse, complex conjugate, canonical and so on. Please go back and consider the specification for Heisenberg I gave you, and then show me where those particular quantities appear in General Relativity. As an example from Thermodynamics I could declare "Thermodynamics is flawed because it is incompatible with Time" Of course this is not true since the Three Laws of Thermo do not mention Time at all.

Yeah your politeness pays off leading to good quality discussion. +1

This is one of the best summaries of escape velocity without maths that I've seen in a long time. So many get this wrong. +1

~This reads as if there was a powder called antimacassar that could be sprinkled form a sprinkler as pictured. I have only ever come across your stated purpose of a protective cloth cover and cannot find reference to anything else. They are still used in some places, some airlines, trainlines and coachlines in particular. Equally I cannot see such a powder being placed with food in a cruet set for the diner. The servants would have handled and put out the proctive cloths. Caster suger is definitely the most likely as the larger size fits the quantity of added sugar v that of salt or pepper as does the larger sprinkling holes. Here is a picture of a modern day 'spice ball'. You (partly) fill the ball with appropriate quantities of appropriated spices and dangle it in stews, casseroles etc during cooking. This prevents uwnated release of unwated particles such as clove sticks etc.

Pretty good explanation, +1 Agreed, perhaps you might have said more since Wiki takes us into what actually preceeded the historic term paleolithic - that is into geological time periods up to 10 million years ago. Sarae hope this helps https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominidae +1

Thank you I have learned something there. +1