joigus

Thanks! I used \( \sqrt{2K_B T / m} \) with Boltzmann's constant. The ballpark of it certainly checks with me. Your argument seems convincing, and very informative. +1 We sometimes forget the cosmic time scales. We see Saturn in the sky with its beautiful rings and it isn't a static situation. Probably the aftermath of a catastrophe as compared to Solar-system lifetime. Similarly, it's very likely that this giant got sucked into the inner region from a recent event --in terms of the age of that star system. I sometimes fantasize with the possibilities they offer. I don't think it's too far-fetched that a select group of them can seed other systems with life.

I see. Just off the top of my head, apart from resolution --as you said--, it seems hard to identify telltale signs of a planetary transit, as such events wouldn't have any definite transit period. But who knows. I find this conversation stimulating. Just as I was pondering about your comments, I've started wondering about rogue planets. It seems to me that detecting them would be similar to what you're suggesting. They obviously have no neighbour star to transit against. There is a mention of microlensing techniques in relation to a possible detection on this Wikipedia article: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_planet#:~:text=A rogue planet (also termed,without a host planetary system. They're based on gravitational lensing. Gravitation lensing doesn't afford you the possibility of getting data about the chemistry. But combined techniques could do it. I could be totally wrong, as I'm very far from having any level of expertise on this.

No. It implies the statistical correlations proven by the CHSH test. Quantum mechanics has them, and the experiments have confirmed them. The quantum state has everything you need to explain the correlations without hidden variables. No. The results are random, so no instructions. The quantum state does not respond in any fixed, pre-determined way. There is no signal --except the classical data. There is no signal --except the classical data. You only need to answer this question if you keep thinking classically. You keep thinking classically. There are many, many questions that make no sense quantum mechanically. For example, "where is the electron now?", "what is the z-projection of spin now?", or "how many photons are within this volume now?" Your confusion is unending, because you want to picture it classically. That's probably why you need a "signal" in your mind.

That makes sense. It's intriguing... I've read about exoplanets that are in a similar situation to what you suggest, and in some cases a trail has been identified as due to their atmosphere being lost from the exposure to the star's heat. I've just found this on Wikipedia, concerning another planet (51 Pegasi b) that's in a similar situation --tidally-locked gas giant very close to its star--, Why are experts so excited about SO2? --even more than by the presence of water or CO2.

Sure. It's not that this photochemistry is necessarily related to biological activity. The finding is exciting nonetheless, because it allows planetary scientists to gather information on more varied scenarios of what kind of chemical processes might be going on out there. Here's a YT video on the find: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eW38rqLZMPg

Yes, it's about Jupiter-sized, but considerably lighter. And very close to its star. I don't know how it compares to Venus. Venus has a greenhouse effect on steroids, from what I remember. So maybe this one's milder and some kind of bacterial/archaean life can manage to pull some tricks. Who knows.

I agree. If you think about the Earth from the point of view of external observers, and picture them looking at us only through a random time window, the most likely thing they would see would be a world ruled by cyanobacteria. Multicellular life came very late in the game. OTOH, inferring the existence of organisms like, say, an elephant only from chemical signatures seems far-fetched. So we may be seeing signatures of some life forms we have no idea what it may be, or its degree of complexity. It's also possible that some worls that potentially would harbour life, would find it impossible to get past the equivalent-to archean or proterozoic eons. It would be amazing to find them nonetheless. Transits against more-distant stars? Do you think they could carry relevant chemical information?

The Google vs IBM race is probably what's fuelling most of the hype. Brown & Susskind It's an analogical model of an analogical model of a hypothesis. Interesting, yes, but overselling it doesn't help anybody, except --perhaps-- investors. There's your answer, @geordief

This certainly sounds like a big deal: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-03820-3 5 papers published so far on it: References Rustamkulov, Z. et al. Preprint at arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2211.10487 (2022). Alderson, L. et al. Preprint at arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2211.10488 (2022). Ahrer, E.-M. et al. Preprint at arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2211.10489 (2022). Tsai, S.-M. et al. Preprint at arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2211.10490 (2022). Feinstein, A. D. et al. Preprint at arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2211.10493 (2022). But I would like to sample opinions from local experts. Some kind of photochemistry seems to be going on in the atmosphere of exoplanet GASP-39b The bulk of the information I've been able to gather so far is the presence of some mighty-selective absorption lines detected during the transient, and significant amounts of CO2 and SO2.

The original claim is not that physicists have created a wormhole in a quantum computer, but that they may have devised a valid simulation algorithm for a wormhole with the help of a quantum computer. Building a quantum computer that runs this algorithm is another matter. Headlines truly are the plastic surgery of information.

In quantum field theory, particles are characterised as irreducible representations of symmetry groups. Symmetry transformations are different ways to look at particles that leave the quantum state unchanged. When these transformations can be expressed in terms of a finite number of parameters, these groups of transformations help us classify the particles according to their so-called Noether charges. When the system is symmetric under one of these groups --also called Lie groups--, Noether's theorem guarantees that these "charges" are conserved. Some transformations have to do with space-time symmetries. Examples are translations and rotations, which have the corresponding conserved quantities that we're familiar with under the name of linear momentum and angular momentum. In any quantum theory, charged particles are represented by complex wave functions. Everything observable depends on quadratic expressions of the form (field)*(field), where the asterisk represents complex conjugate. Because the physics is indifferent to a global phase change, a conserved quantity exists --by virtue of Noether's theorem-- that we call electric charge. In the case of angular momentum --due to symmetries under rotations--, it so happens that the spatial coordinates are not enough to represent all the rotational states of particles. Internal variables must be specified describing the orientation of a particle that allow no representation in terms of spatial coordinates. That's what we call spin. Spin has to do with rotation, although it's not nearly as intuitive as the rotation of a spinning top, eg. Charge has to do with something even more abstract, which is a phase shift in the wave function. This transformation is sometimes called "internal." Isospin invariance is not exact, it's only approximately conserved. It is an analogue of electric charge, and also occurs in this "internal space" of elementary particles. It so happens that, if you ignore electromagnetic interaction, a proton and a neutron are very similar when you only consider the strong nuclear force. You can kind of rotate the states smoothly from "being a proton" to "being a neutron." This is in close analogy with electric charge. There are other analogues of electric charge: baryon number, lepton number, hypercharge... Colour charge is similar, but more complicated, as the previous charges depend on a 1-parameter group called U(1), while colour is defined in terms of a 3-parameter group SU(3). Mass is very different. It is not a conserved quantum number like the other charges. So I would say that what gives a particle its charge and spin are its properties under global gauge transformations (global phase shifts), in the case of charge; and rotational properties, in the case of spin. This is a summary of the present theoretical understanding of these things within the context of the standard model of particle physics.

This is stone-engraving material.

Conservation of charge* precludes for all matter to transition to just photons. That's not what entropic death means. I suppose you're referring to entropic death of the universe: The alleged final state of all matter, with everything the same everywhere. The entropic death of the universe is a scenario that some people have contemplated, but it's probably not what the universe will end up like. And the reason is that the universe is very different from a gas of particles that exchange energy among themselves to end up in a state of total homogeneity. Gravity is very different. A thermally-exhausted universe would look very different from a gas of photons, believe me. *I don't mean just electric charge. I mean all charges: electric, weak, strong, barionic number, lepton number.

+1. Beautifully illustrated. You can even tell that some of these particles have orbital angular momentum in the direction perpendicular to their motion. There's plenty of evidence that we're dealing with particles. There's plenty of evidence that their behaviour is accounted for by a wave. The only thing that's left to do is to deal with it.

As @Eise has told you many times, SR is an embedding theory about observation of events in ST. He used the word "metatheory." It should be clear enough. For you it's not, for some reason. I'm assuming you mean "unintelligible." But anyway. You don't need world lines. Light cones are about events. Go back to an elementary physics book and learn the stuff. Nobody should be suffering your ignorance any longer. While you're at it, study some classical EM theory too. It shows that you don't understand it either. Including world lines makes the argument I'm trying to get across, if anything, more compelling, as both particles come from the same space-time point (tiny region). So it becomes obvious that the whole thing has a common cause in the past. @Eise is reproducing one of several light cones that I drew for you. The very first one was showing you particle histories. The last one showed only events, because you said "particles in the same light cone," which has about as much meaning as "we're both in some region of space." I'm positive now that we're dealing with an attention-span problem, among other things.

"Clasically we don't bat an eyelid with the concept that a system passes from one state to another," Isn't solving the law of motion what classical mechanics is all about?

What do you mean?

I'm not aware of any tendency of all matter to annihilate. Also, what is pure energy? Entropy has to do with disorder. You have a macroscopic state defined by few variables that's made up of many microstates you can't tell apart. Entropy of a piece of matter is the sum of its parts, and thermodynamic equilibrium is defined by entropy reaching a maximum. That pretty much constrains entropy in terms of probabilities of individual microstates.

Not that incredible. It's thinkable. If particles got very close to a small BH, their accelerations would be considerably big at the point of being slingshotted, and they would probably emit radiation --synchrotron radiation-- if they're charged. So my guess is they would easily lose quantum coherence. Small BH's exert huge tidal forces too. Photons are a different matter. If you use very long-wavelength photons (bigger than the BH's Schwarzschild radius), for all I know, you can get them to scatter off BH's quite easily. Would that break quantum coherence? I don't know. But my guess is yes, easily. Generally speaking, if I wanted to keep quantum coherence, the last thing I would try to do is to get my system anywhere close to a black hole and make it scatter off it. Black holes are notorious sources of entropy, and what you want is to keep things orderly. You also want to keep them as free as possible form very strong interactions. Maybe @Markus Hanke has better guidance to offer on this idea. It wouldn't surprise me if he has.

+1. I love the depth of this comment. At a distance, dynamics works well enough assuming field sources to be point-like, or smooth distributions of point-like things. These densities would have to end abruptly on the boundary. When you get closer, you must change the map, because more details are available to you --if for no other reason. Complex numbers and wave variables seem to be Nature's way of telling us that we must blur things out when we get closer. When you try to get even closer, and gravity becomes relevant, entropy seems to be summoned up from out of the blue... The suggestion seems to be that the mapping must be re-thought, and the conceptual scaffolding reconsidered. I should learn more about Gisin's proposal before dismissing it. So I'm not actually dismissing it. My idea of it so far is more of a "too good to be true" kind of objection. I think I'm also spotting a subtle element of anthropomorphism about it that makes me uneasy. If Gisin and/or others managed to demonstrate GR and QM as appropriate limits of the idea, I would have to admit it's really cutting some ice. I do have to say, though, that skepticism towards any new idea is a very comfortable position. When you reach a certain age, you no longer want for anybody to come around and shatter the earth under your feet.

Sorry if I misunderstood. If they got close to a BH, and they get captured in it, according to the HB* picture of it, they would be re-emitted in the form of thermal radiation, which means they would no longer be entangled. A BH is not a good entanglement-producing machine, as it has an entropy associated to its surface. This entropy is not entanglement entropy, it's a further scrambling of information than what entanglement entropy represents. This is all a bit dicey though. Not everybody agrees on what the HB picture of BH's is telling us. * Hawking-Beckenstein

You didn’t explain that was your intention and I still don’t understand what you mean. An illustration of entanglement should require at least two world lines, one for each particle, and each particle would need to stay within its respective light cone. Your illustration on the upper left “most” resembled entanglement but none of them made sense as representative of entanglement. In your picture on the upper left, I see one one event in the future and one in the past but no world lines for the entangled particles Entanglement violates the EPR situation in that one entangled particle can interact with its partner(s) instantly as if the they were side-by-side. Entangled particles need no physical connection to interact- not even light. It is instant action at a distance that violates the EPR. Your illustration on the upper left “most” resembled entanglement but none of them made sense to me as representative of entanglement. "In the same light cone" means that one particle, usually an electron, can interact instantly with any other similar particle within the same light cone provided that conditions between the two permit. This is possible in QM but not in classical physics so that is a major contrast between the two and I wouldn’t call it “nothing.” In the the classical situation, one particle can only interact with another either directly or through some physical interaction. QM needs no physical interaction. Again: "In the same light cone" doesn't mean anything. I've shown you two distinct cases of events; a couple of them were space-like separated; the other two were time-like separated. In both cases, you can make them be either in the same light cone, or in different light cones, at will. It's painfully obvious you didn't understand. Now rinse, and repeat. Sometimes, understanding something is a whole shampooing experience, as @iNow shrewdly suggested. Keep practicing. Your lack of understanding of basic physics is appalling. Epsilon and mu naught are not independent properties of space; the product of both is. The unit of charge can be independently chosen without any epsilon naught. In fact, in the cgs-unit system, there is no epsilon naught, and the basic unit of electric charge can be defined with dimensions of M1/2L3/2T-1. If you use such classic books as Landau-Lifshitz, you'll see they only use dimensionful electric charge units. I know the topic to be confusing to some people, that's why I once won a bet on this particular question. The bet was about how you can --if you want-- actually define the unit of electric charge in terms of mass, length, and time. Modern quantum field theory uses dimensionless electric charge. It's an option, and it all depends on definitions. But --and here's the essence of your misunderstanding of this particular question-- because in this universe magnetic fields are produced only as a consequence of changing electric fields, this activation of the magnetic field requires the propagation of something to be iniciated. The other constant thus becomes a measured value, which is essentially a speed. The workings of electric circuits critically depend on this speed. Here's a good Veritasium video that will make you understand this concept. It's highly imbued in physical intuition, and I highly recommend it: Good luck!

Under most typical scattering scenarios gravity is far too weak to be of any significance. If you try to collide particles at an energy high enough, and with an impact parameter --closeness of approaching particles-- close enough to produce a BH, I don't think ordinary QM is sufficient to deal with it. I don't know how to deal with that situation, TBH. I do know enough to guess --if not to know-- that any outgoing state would come out as a mixed state --if Hawking and Bekenstein are right--, which means, coherence would be lost. Maybe @Markus Hanke wants to take this up with more precise information. He seems to be on fire lately.

LOL. I had to read it again to get your drift. +1

It does say something beneath: Amplitudes. Are amplitudes physical? Are they just a tool?