Sensei

Mordred, you think your links are absolute truth, undeniable dogmas. There is needed more humble opinion. Don't reject experimental evidence prior you know it first.. (whatever it is).. f.e. Dark flow https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_flow ps. You don't know, what you don't know..

It's way more complex than you may think. Say we have gamma photon with energy exceeding 1.022 MeV energy (f>=2fC), once it will collide with stationary atom (stationary in it's own FoR), there is created electron-positron pair. [math]\gamma \rightarrow e^+ + e^-[/math] But we have something like redshift and blueshift Relativistic Doppler effect. [math]f=f_0\sqrt{\frac{1+\frac{v}{c}}{1-\frac{v}{c}}}[/math], blueshift [math]f=f_0\sqrt{\frac{1-\frac{v}{c}}{1+\frac{v}{c}}}[/math], redshift So, if our atom prior collision with photon, is accelerated to significant speed of light, photon that had not enough energy, in "normal" circumstances, will be blueshifted, and in accelerated FoR will have enough energy for pair-production.. ps. It's all about definition of "what is mass", "what is energy", "what is length" and "what is time" (regardless of what swansont is saying it's not definable in numerous of threads). Unlike him, I think they're essential questions in quantum physics.

In every country list of books is different. Local language book writers in different countries will be on the list. Ancient Greek's books are common for European countries (for at least 2000 years), as common basement of culture, architecture, mathematics, philosophy etc.

Unity, watch this video to see how it should be calculated: IMHO for this kind of stuff, pretty good results are obtained with high speed camera. The more FPS the better. Put vertical scale behind failing object. Then you can see every frame by frame in 2D animation editing software. And from scale read distance it traveled. Frames are with pretty much constant delays each other, so current_frame_count [unitless] * 1.0 / frames_per_second = time

If you will invent time-machine that works.. You need to install plugin http://www.openexr.com/photoshop_plugin.html Search for "Photoshop exr file format" or so in Google. For me RAW can be useful. Because it's extremely easy to make loader in C/C++. BMP is nearly-RAW. It has just bitmap header structure at beginning of file, that we need to skip. The rest is up-side-down RAW. Make a test: write same picture in JPG (test various compression levels), and in PNG, load them in Photoshop. Put to layers. Use subtraction mode between layers. It will show difference introduced by lossy file format.

I always use PNG, when not using PSD (PhotoShop Document). Pretty good is also EXR file format (it can have even 32 bit floating point number per channel, while PNG/JPG have 8 bits unsigned integer per channel). Obviously at cost of file size. Especially photos taken by digital camera, at full res, saved automatically to JPEG, if we will load it in Photoshop or other 2D image processing software, and then do some processing like rescale down, and we will save it yet again in JPEG, it will introduce even more errors due to double saving in lossy compression file format. Make a test: ten times load same photo, and save in JPG, load it again, save in JPG, repeat..

Except it does not work this way.. These sun system receive nothing but noise, with plentiful of data lost, not possible to decode properly. To send radiowave data to long distances, there is needed precise directional antenna. Even to send/receive data to satellite or spacecraft like Voyager that's pretty close in cosmic scale distances, rotation of antenna/receiver by fraction of mm mean lack of signal, or issues with sending/receiving.. And we need to send data in direction where will be object after years (hundred/thousands for 1000+ ly), not where we see it now. TV signal sent in the past is certainly not directional, and not in direction of any known star or planet. We often cant receive radio from broadcasting station that's just a few hundred km away, not to mention a few thousands. Some lucky can receive signal when they're in good location, because photons reflected from troposphere. Coverage https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coverage_%28telecommunication%29 Coverage map of broadcasting stations: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coverage_map Radiowave propagation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_propagation Tropospheric scatter to reach larger distances: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropospheric_scatter They mention 300 km reasonable distance. 1000 km with pretty demanding equipment.

Then IMHO you should start from something simpler. Make f.e. LED counter, going from 00 to 99 for instance. Have hardware register in binary format (some use binary coded decimal, and BCD addition, 8 bits = 2 digits each one with 0...9 digits, 10..15 values in 4 bits not used), that's converted to decimal format, which is later used to turn on/off LEDs forming digits. It's plentiful of work IMHO, see how complex breadboard he has on this video: ps. For a start I would try making radio receiver playing music by speaker. It's easier to make than LEDs digital counter. Start from generating sinusoid wave for speaker from oscillator/timer. That you can adjust with potentiometer. Amplifier that takes microphone input signal, amplifies it, and sends to speaker in f.e. 2nd room. Then adding part for radiowave receiving will be just piece of cake.

In programming we're dealing with it every single day dozen of times.

I appreciate time and invention that you spend on it. It looks nice. But from business point of view, did you thought about it.. ? Make pool in the Internet (there are free survey services) asking them how much people would be willing to pay for it. Personally if I would be collecting elements, I would go to any electronics shop and get transparent drawer box, like this one (~ 30mm x 23mm x 17mm per cell) from Conrad: It's for $6 retail. And there is needed 4-8 such. Giving $48 for all.

Because I was thinking about completely different method of production. "Reasonable price for item regardless of method of production" (current one is pretty time consuming). $35 per 1m2 sheet is retail price. Companies can get them much cheaper in large quantity. Or buy pellets, melt them and fill matrix by them self. I was thinking about buying plastic pellets like these: http://www.ebay.com/bhp/plastic-pellets 50 lbs = 22.7 kg for $65 (also retail price) and fill matrix with entire 200 cells by melted plastic. 1000x1000x4mm with density 1g/cm3 is approximately 4 kg mass. 22.7 kg / 4 kg/sheet = 5.675 sheets. Reducing price of sheet to $65/5.675 = $11.4 If width is 1000mm, 32 columns, 1000/32=31.25mm per cell width (and height, and depth). It's area 1000x219 (31.25*7) = 0.219 m2, front and back double it, and area for borders between cells horizontal & vertical. Total area ~0.914 m2. So one sheet (if we go sheet-way, not melted-plastic-to-matrix-way) is enough.

There is only 118 elements. As long as each element is in it's own box, and it's own cover it's 118*2=236 pieces of plastic. But it's not the only way to make it. Single horizontal piece of plastic can have "cuts" for vertical one piece of plastic. So in minimum case there is needed 31 pieces vertical * 6 horizontal + 4 surrounding + 2 front/back = 192. Although some manufacturer could make entire 32 x 7 array of boxes as single piece matrix, plus 118 covers, glued on top of them after filling. Here it costs 1000x1000x4 mm $34.9 inc. VAT.

Alternatively building Cockcroft-Walton generator (I have 50+ kV), produce Hydrogen from electrolysis of water, fill up-side-down round-bottom glassware flask by gas, put electrodes, and turn on CW generator to ionize Hydrogen gas (or any other gas obtained from some chemical reaction). Then split light emitted by it, on prism, to obtain spectral lines on white wall f.e.

Sounds like somebody have google-keyword-searching-bot. Installed on machine, or somebody else in neighborhood network. captchas are appearing when too many queries are send to google server. or when they detect that IP is f.e. Tor network. Do you have Google account? Are you all the time logged in? Bring some friend laptop to home. Connect it to your network. And try whether his/her machine is behaving the same.

How come? It's just a piece of plastic.. Reasonable price IMHO is $10-$20. Personally I would prefer to have 32 columns (not special separated region for Lanthanides & Actinides). How are you going to keep gases? They will be empty boxes? It would be fun to have them hermetic and filled with gas, and just connectors exposed, which after providing high voltage would start emitting light like discharge tubes.. Although it's way way beyond simple plastic container.

If you're the real scientist, in quantum physics, then you should no problem to answering following questions: - what is energy (in eV) emitted by Hydrogen atom going from n=5 to n=2 excitation state? - what is decay energy of Thorium-134, and what is decay mode? Either in eV and Joules. If you would provide velocity of products of decay, you would be master. Please attach calculations for verification for either question. Are you ready for it? Then answer above questions..

Why are you saying so.. ? @ 1 minute 27 second is hit. @ 1 minute 26 second we see object flying (just one frame). As we can see CCTV camera is taking 1 FPS (frame per second). This can be estimated using car a few seconds prior crash. American Airlines Flight 77 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_77 was Boeing 757-223 as we can read on airplane website, max cruise speed is 850 km/h = 236.11(1) m/s. Although they probably flied much faster (because of rapid drop of altitude prior hit). Distance = Velocity * Time, Time is quantized in steps 1s, 2s, 3s, etc. That's why object is visible just on one frame. If it would be moving slower, or CCTV would be working at higher FPS, it would be recorded on more frames.. The real investigator could even estimate speed of object prior crash from such video (for higher precision there would be needed experiment in real world near Pentagon, to calculate distance visible from camera (it's fisheye-like, so it's distorting view)).

PIC means Peripheral Interface Controller. You need to have electronics that you will control by your chip. The simplest case is control of LED. Say you write code for turning on light for 1 second, then turning off light for 1 second. Upload it to chip. And LED is starting blinking. If you want 2 seconds delay, you need to upload new program. Or complicate electronics and code to allow user to change it by potentiometer. Chip won't do anything by itself. It needs stuff it will control.

Total energy of n photons is given by: [math]\sum\limits_{i=0}^{i<n}{h*f_i}[/math] or [math]\sum\limits_{i=0}^{i<n}{\frac{h*c}{\lambda_i}}[/math] For visible light: [math]400nm\leqslant\lambda_i\leqslant700nm[/math] For pretty monochromatic laser light with peak at 532nm (+-10nm): [math]522nm\leqslant\lambda_i\leqslant542nm[/math] Do you see light.. ?

Control electronics that you will make. f.e. electric engines, LEDs, light. Robotics. Automation. I don't think so. As long as you won't be blowing them everyday. $50-$100 for a start. Take a look also on Arduino: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b2CFKx5ASUY search for Arduino @ YouTube videos.

PICs are programmed in their own assembler. f.e. http://www.microchip.com/forums/m466343.aspx It's nothing familiar to anything that you know like high level language such as Pascal.

How come? f.e. acetic acid is organic polar solvent. And with many metal it's going into reaction creating acetate. f.e. Zn + 2CH3COOH-> Zn(CH3COO)2 + H2 (This one is pretty slow at room temperature) If there is reaction between metal and solvent, then how come it's not "damage of metal".. ? If you will polish, or do whatever you can to remove oxide layer, and leave on air again, it will go into reaction with oxygen sooner or later.. Quote from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodymium "Metallic neodymium has a bright, silvery metallic luster, but as one of the more reactive lanthanide rare-earth metals, it quickly oxidizes in ordinary air. The oxide layer that forms then peels off, and this exposes the metal to further oxidation. Thus, a centimeter-sized sample of neodymium completely oxidizes within a year" ps. There is needed such solvent which reacts with oxide layer, but not with metal alone.

Level nine.. ? Are you scientologist.. ? It's very easy: build one.. If you manage to do so..

You mean that near death experience, inspired you to become scientist.. ? IMHO you should start from buying equipment. For a start: - distillation set up: Graham condenser, Dephlegmator, retort stand, few clamps different models (to hold condensers, to hold round-bottom flask etc.), hot plate for heating. - round-bottom flasks 50mL-1000 mL, - beakers 50mL-1000 mL, - graduated cylinders 50mL-250 mL. - pocket jeweler's weigh 100 g/+-0.01g, 500 g/+-0.1 g For learning about quantum physics, spectral lines of different gases etc., behaving of light, optics: - discharge tubes: Hydrogen, Helium, Neon, Krypton, Xenon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, CO2 f.e. - source of high voltage, such as Van der Graaf generator, Cockcroft-Walton generator. - prism - Young's slits different models, diffraction grating, polarization filters (at least two) - at least three laser models, red, green and blue. You will also have to have source of CO2, dry ice to buy, or from reaction. The easiest one is to take baking soda NaHCO3 and acetic acid CH3COOH. Reaction NaHCO3 + CH3COOH -> CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O will release plentiful of carbon dioxide for further experiments. Additionally you will have sodium acetate for other experiments. It's interesting substance. Search YouTube for details. Fill flask by water, connect to distillation set up, turn on hot plate, and distill water. You will have any amount of it. And gain experience in distillation process. Once you will have 1L distilled water in beaker, place in it electrodes and turn on electricity. And you will see nothing happens. No bubbles of gas from either electrode. Ampere meter will show 0 A current. Add salt, and bubbles will start appearing and ampere meter will show I>0 A. Clean up beaker, and use tap water - there will be gas. Not as much as with salted water. But enough to be visible. Clean up beaker, and use again distilled water. Turn on electricity. And put in it piece of dry ice.. and tell us, or better record on video all experiments, what happens.

In what way is electro-magnetic energy (i.e. light) "associated" with a water molecule? And why would you expect this to increase? Feel free to use mathematics in your reply. Well, temperature of water is increased while passing current through it. So it'll emit photons in not visible range (as always with such low temperatures as 273.15 K-373.15 K) microwave/infrared region of spectrum. Use any IR thermometer on boiling water to read temperature change from distance (because of emitted radiation from body).