Inorganic Chemistry

We frequently get amateur chemists posting here thinking they have found a way to make themselves some sodium, which they see as incredibly exciting because it reacts with water. Most of these methods involve electrolysis. Let me explain, once and for all why this idea is wrong and foolish: 1) The reduction potential of sodium is very negative. This means that it likes to be Na+ and doesn't like to be Na at all. However, water has a much smaller reduction potential, and will easily be reduced to give hydrogen gas and hydroxide ions. The difference between the reduction potentials is so enormous that you will NEVER make sodium by reducing a sodium salt in water. You do h…

"Heat added to a system at lower temperature causes greater randomness than when the same quantity of heat is added to it at higher temperature. " this can mean 2 things heating a colder object causes more randomness or supplying same amount of heat slowly causes more randomness I think the 2nd one because ∆S = qrev/T

Book "4. Carbon molecule (C 2 ): The electronic configuration of carbon is 1s2 2s2 2p2. There are 12 electrons in C2. The electronic configuration of C2 molecule, therefore, is The bond order of C2 is ½ (8 – 4) = 2 and C 2 should be diamagnetic. Diamagnetic C2 molecules have indeed been detected in vapour phase. It is important to note that double bond in C 2 consists of both pi bonds because of the presence of four electrons in two pi molecular orbitals. In most of the other molecules a double bond is made up of a sigma bond and a pi bond. In a similar fashion the bonding in N2 molecule can be discussed. O2 5. Oxygen molecule (O 2 ): The electronic configuration of oxyg…

This O3 Lewis Diagram looks weird - why does atom with 8 electrons positive, why is atom with 4 electrons neutral, why is atom with 6 electrons negative In CO3 -2 Why there is a -2 charge ? What is happening in HNO3 ? N is positive that means it is 5 electrons short of Nobel config. Why there is a negative charge on bottom oxygen ? Are these Lewis Diagram possible or covalent and electrovalent bonds ? [NO2]- is there 1 electron extra on oxygen ? [NO2]-

I have an old tin of fibreglass resin that has formed a very thick skin(because I suppose the tin was not air tight) so that very little was left that was liquid and so useable. I have tried an expedient of first air tightening the tin and then adding an amount of acetone that I happened to have. Can I hope that ,in time the resin (which has not been in contact with the hardener but hardened on its own) will combine the the acetone and become useable again? I don't mind waiting up to a year as I can purchase a new tin of resin to use for now...

Periodicity in valence - among representative elements, the valence is either equal to the number of electrons in the outermost orbitals or 8 - minus this number What is 8 ? There can be a max of 6 electroins untill p shell and 3 in s shell

Hello! There are non-woven materials for medicine. They consist of a viscose-based absorbent material of 28 g/m2 and a polyethylene film of 25 g/m2. Does anyone know what kind of film this is? How is it applied to the material? I'm attaching a photo. The photo shows these two layers - the material and the film. It is very important to understand what kind of film it is. In order to understand how to cover non-woven fabric with such a film. After that, this material will be used in medicine. The material should absorb moisture on one side and repel on the other.

I know I need to use a 1:1 molar amount. BUT calcium hydroxcide is BARELY soluble in water, so instead of using lime water...will milk of lime work? Like I make a milk of lime slurry with 1 mole calcium hydroxcide THEN add one mole of sodium or potassium carbonate...and stir for a while and wait for the calcium carbonate to drop out... Will this work and produce sodium hydroxcide, which is souble in water. Then I just decant or filter out the precipitation?

Today I visited the minerals gallery at the London Natural History Museum. I was struck by the intense blue colour of the specimens of lapis lazuli, which was very valuable, both as a pigment and for decorative objects, in the Ancient and Medieval worlds. I recall the Arabic word for the colour blue is azraq (m) or zarqa (f.), from which we get "azure", so presumably lazuli comes from the same root. (Lapis is just Latin for stone, obvs.) I had assumed the colour would be due to copper and was a bit shocked to find the formula is: Na₇Ca(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)(SO₄)(S₃).H₂O , i.e no Cu in sight! Turns out the clue is in the S₃. This is present in the form of the trisu…

Hi, I have some tartaric acid crystal. Can anyone help me determine if my calculations are correct for making the rochelle salt? I figured for every mole in weight of the tartaric, I add each a mole of sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide, and stir in DI water. Maybe check for pH. Does that make sense? Thanks for your advice and expertise.

Sorry, I'm a bit of a newbie when it comes to tris HCL buffer, but I have some questions: I'm trying to make a tris HCL buffer of 1.2M with 10.5 pH. My preferred volume is 7.5 mL, and I know the amount of tris base (1.09g ) and HCl (3uLwith HCL being 37.2%(12.1M) )I need, but I don't know the amount of deionized water I need to dissolve the tris base in. Is it possible to use a recipe for 1L and add 800mL of deionized water or does that change the outcome for the tris HCL buffer?

I want to reduce the Ph in a small lake of 10,000,000L from 8.9 to 8.1 . I have been reading that total alkalinity and hardness have a direct relationship in regards to where Ph would sit . total alkalinity is 190ppm and hardness is 120ppm , my thinking is if I increase hardness by using gypsum I'll possibly increase overall Ph as it falls in level with alkalinity , so I should reduce Alkalinity by around 70ppm . My thoughts were to use muriatic acid but unsure of a. the volume of acid required b. how much free chlorine would be released from the breakdown as there is aquatic life present. I'm thankful in advance to any advice !

What forms of iron might typically be found in a city’s water supply? In particular, what form of iron could cause my whole-house water filter, time after time over 2+ years, to turn a dark “rust” brown color within 2 to 3 weeks? Please see attached photo. Our Pasco County, FL water, of course, meets the EPA limit of 0.3 mg/L iron, so what “other iron”, if iron is what I’m seeing, is causing this rapid? discoloration of my filter elements? My store-bought test strips indicate iron at less than 0.3 mg/L, but are these strips only picking up “dissolved” iron, ie iron ions. If there are minute “flakes” of rust from iron pipes in the county’s water supply system…

My abstract was accepted for Inorganic Chemistry conference scheduled for 2-6 June, 2024. However, lack of funds led to the removal prior the conference day. ABR2955 Dr AT Odularu Oral (1).pdf

Institutions where postgraduates are registered always pay the article processing charges expected for students and staffs of the institution. Nevertheless, as a postgraduate after graduation, publishing is challenging in peer-reviewed journals because of lack of funding.

Hi, Have some chromic acid and it is very damp as it is very hygroscopic. Does anyone know of a way to dry it out? Maybe over conc sulfuric acid or anhydrous calcium chloride? Could not find anything on the internet. Thanks.

They are doing a bad job in explaining how the pH changes when adding carbonates to water. Either sodium bicarbonate or another carbonate. I tried to understand it by myself and google searches but still haven't found a way. This is the problem: So the water has a pH of 6.35. Which is the pKa value of H2CO3/HCO3-. So in solution at this pH there should be 50% H2CO3, 50% HCO3- and 0% CO32-. So in general they now start calculating stuff with the electroneutrality equation which is: H+= HCO3- + 2*CO32- + OH- . Lets assume that the total of carbonates species is 0.03 mol/L at a pH of 6.35. Than 50%*0,03 = 0.015 mol/L of H2CO3 and 0.015 mol/L of HCO3- in…

I'd like to know how much I'd have to dilute the following acids in a given solvent so that their vapors/malodors could simply be inhaled without causing any harm to one's health: - butyric acid - isovaleric acid - propionic acid I am not interested in any ppm values or thelike, but only in the values for the maximal possible concentrations of the acids in solutions so that they generally can't cause any harm any more if you inhale them (e. g. if the solution is then sprayed into the air or on a piece of cloth to be smelled...). How do I get to know these values anyways? I couldn't find anything on this online. Possible applications for this …

Electrolysis is the passing of electric current through a liquid medium to dissociate it to it individual components such as Nacl + H20 + current = naoh+HCl Sodium chloride+ water + current = sodium hydroxide + hydrochloric acid

Hello. Here in the formula, after the reaction of carbamide and water, there are two OH atomes. But at the same time, carbamide acidifies the soil. Why? After all, the bases should alkalize the medium? Thank you.

So i searched some fireworks and found one which contains only sulfur and some silvery metal pieces. I added NaOH into it and the metal pieces started bubbling and turned black and the gas that came was not that smelly but was chocking the thing i wanted to do was to take a mix of solid NaOH and the powder and add water to it so that the heat from NaOH dissolving could help react NaOH and sulfur to make Na2S and Na2S2O3 so my doubt is what could the metal be? properties:- silvery reacts with NaOH and becomes black releases some gas when reacted with NaOH Brittle used in fireworks

I am trying to grasp hypochlorous acid, HCL, and any process that involves water and salt. The rise of hypochlorous generators and uses has led me here. I don't know where else to find reliable answers and was hoping someone that actually knows what they are talking about could help me understand. To my knowledge these are the ways hypochlorous can be made. salt + water + electrolysis= some hocl % some chorite and? salt + water + vinegar + electrolysis= a higher hocl %, chorite, and? salt + water + hcl + electrolysis= would this yield an even higher percent of hocl? chlorine + h20 = hocl and hcl << can make stable hocl by taking c…

A colleague of mine said that they were left severely bloated after cooking a chicken chow mein meal from a sauce packet. Their usual brand was out of stock and so they just picked up another. Compleyely unaware that this would happen they tried another brand soon after and was left with no symptoms. They are now trying to narrow down the culprit. Results back from AI suggested the following: "Comparing the two lists, the sauce that caused you severe bloating includes ingredients like Barley Malt Extract, Defatted Soya Bean Flakes, and Roasted Wheat in the Dark Soy Sauce component. It also contains Red Chilli Paste with an additional acidity regulator (Acetic Acid) and ye…