mathematic

I suggest you consult the manual for the calculator.

I gave you the answer on another forum. The second term is wrong. It should be (da/dt)/a2

I began using windows 7 recently. Included is a module (?) called "Silverlight". What is it used for and how does one learn how to use it?

What has this got to do with computer science?

If you got a small chunk (I'm guessing), gravity would be too weak to hold together against quantum mechanical forces.

I would guess that if you somehow got a piece of degenerate matter on earth, it would quickly become undegenerate. I won't venture as to end product, but I suspect it would a massive block of ordinary matter.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology) Above will help.

Your assumption about density is valid in fact.

u=x^3 du=3x^2dx You should be able to continue.

Something going into a black doesn't cease to exist. It just can't get out. What happens inside is unknown.

The laser is transmitting coherent photons. What happens later doesn't affect what comes out of the laser.

In general light is affected by gravity (black holes or otherwise). The 1919 Eddington experiment involved measuring light rays attracted by the sun's gravity - a test of General Relativity.

6% is the maximum. The minimum would be less than 3%. Moreover this assumes Jupiter could give off as much radiation as the sun. Since it is much smaller, this would be very unlikely.

Jupiter is 5.2 A.U. distant from the sun, which means that the closest it gets to earth is 4.2 times the distance the earth is from the sun. Therefore Jupiter, if it were giving out as much energy as the sun - which is impossible, would add less than 6% to the total energy on the earth.

There is a notion of Planck time (~10^-43 sec.). There are questions about whether going any smaller is physically meaningful (Of course mathematically there is no limit).

After division by Δx, the first term is 1, while the remaining terms -> 0.

Your calculation looks right. Books can be wrong.

http://www.cut-the-knot.org/proofs/index.shtml maybe this will help. Also try Google "mathematics proof".

How did it get to be a plasma at room temperature?

Your logic has nothing to do with physics.

Dark matter interactions, except for gravity, are an open question. I don't think anyone could answer your last two questions, except to say there is no evidence of either phenomenon.

A quantitative analysis (which I believe has been made by physicists) would refute your ideas. What are off-shell particles???

The evidence for dark matter is the fact that if it wasn't there, galaxies and galactic clusters would fly apart. There just isn't enough (by about a factor of 5) to hold these things together.

The magnetic field between magnetic dipoles. It is caused by the exchange of virtual photons. In symmetric 3-dimensional space this exchange results in the inverse square law for magnetic force. Since the photon has no mass, the magnetic potential has an infinite range. From the cited article. What do you mean by space between the lines? The lines form a continuum.

Pi can be defined either way, depending on your taste. ZF or Euclid.