swansont

I think that the people who ask when they already know are just insecure, and are looking for reassurance. Some may be looking for a target for blame if things go wrong, but if you know them well enough for them to ask advice, I'd think you should be able to see that coming. But I don't have a problem with it. I find it much more of a problem that people offer advice unbidden.

I think the angle can be derived from the impact parameter (The white ball's centre is travelling along a line that is tangent to the red ball.)

Yes. For a spherically symmetric system, the gravitational force only depends on what is inside of the radius, R. (However, the relativistic dilation effect depend on the gravitational potential, which is not zero.)

It's their house, so they get to make the rules. If you don't think it's cheating, you are (relatively) free to start up your own casino where card-counting is not against the rules. I think it's true that they want you to count if you are bad at it, because it encourages you to gamble more if you think you have a system that will beat the house. So casinos probably only enforce the rule if you are good at it.

The HLA gene in humans contains 59 alleles. Noah and family can account for 16, at most. You at least cannot have this and the common contention that all mutations are harmful be simultaneously true.

I think it just uses a counter. The power companies keep the frequency right pretty well, because transferring to different parts of the grid efficiently requires it; being off in frequency or phases costs money due to losses. I recall a story, though, of a locality that he let the local frequency drift off by a small amount. After a while some people were getting to work 15-20 min late because of the accumulated error, which is when someone checked and found the problem.

I haven't run the numbers, but it seems to me that the magnetic force is predicted correctly for current flow in a wire, where the drift velocity is very small, but also for particle beams, where the speed is large. How do your equations do with a free charge accelerated through a potential difference, where the classical equation is linear and seems to hold true?

I haven't been able to find the one I'm thinking of (a diving swimmer just entering the pool) online, but here is a pretty good one, and another that shows part of Snell's circle.

IIRC photovoltaic cells currently rely on castoffs from other semiconductor production, i.e. cheap materials are available, and there is concern that a significant ramp-up in production would actually increase cost. But the real issue is storage and transport, not production so much.

emphasis added. That's the big hurdle, and why your example is a poor one. How do your photon groups thermalize with each other? Here you are letting a gas, with relatively high density, thermalize, and are looking at the resulting radiation signature. Your CMB is from distinct sources that are not mixing.

Hg.

Combining signals from different temperature sources will not, in general, yield a signal that looks like a thermal source.

Transient orbital mechanics isn't in my areas of expertise, but I think the angle given is significant, because (IIRC) when you give a satellite in a circular orbit an impulse, that point and the one at pi becomes the apogee and perigee of a new, elliptical orbit (which is which depends on the direction of the impulse). But the altitude at the original point is the same, so I think all you have to do is, as [Tycho?] suggests, is use conservation of momentum to find the new orbital velocity, and then you should have enough information to solve for the resulting elliptical orbit.

You need a mechanism for why the microwaves are in a thermal distribution at 2.7 K, and not the temperature of the stars and supernovae. The microwaves are the background radiant energy.

Hiroshima wasn't a hydrogen bomb, though. Anyway, there are storage strategies that do not depend on high pressure, like metal hydrides.

What's the equation for Gibbs Free Energy?

Momentum will be conserved, for starters, since there is no net external force on the system. The coefficient of restitution should give you information about the kinetic energy; while KE will not be conserved in an inelastic collision, the coefficient should quantify by how much it is not conserved.

As CharonY said, they are responsible for the review process, and this is no small responsibility, as quality correlates with prestige. The circulations of many journals is small, so the economies of scale don't really kick in; many of the subscribers are institutional (e.g. university) libraries, so that all of the institution can effectively use that one subscription. For journals that have online acess, some of what you are paying for is also access to their database of old journals.