exchemist

Do you know how much gas is bled off, or is the only information you have for the "after" state the pressure?

Aha. So you have been given V. You didn't mention that before. And when you say a calculator, what data would you input to it in order to get the outputs you describe?

Well you are right that if you change n then you can't just use these ratios. There must some other information given, though. What is it?

I've had similar experiences. I haven't researched this but my suspicion is that some hand soaps contain lanolin or other agents to condition the skin (to prevent the soap from depleting the oils in the skin unduly, which can make it dry, crack and cause irritation). I think you are better off using detergent for washing dishes. Shower gel may be OK as well, though I haven't tried it.

There has already been a post, from the resident biology expert, explaining that. There's no need to repeat it.

Yes, it's curious. Out of interest, whose education system are you talking about - if you don't mind saying? I can see the value of mentioning it in the context of the history of the Periodic Table, if you are studying that, but not for the practice of modern chemistry.

Thanks for confirming. I must say I struggled a bit to see what the risk could be, given that hundreds of millions of doses have now been administered, all across the world, with very few issues or side-effects and certainly no reports of the vaccines making people more ill from the virus. But I've come across this ADE schtick elsewhere, peddling by antivaxxers. It may be one of their current stories that is doing the rounds.

Antibody-Dependent Enhancement. From what I read, the issue is when antibodies bind to a virus but fail to neutralise it, which apparently can sometime happen, the virus-plus-antibody complex is ingested by cells in the body as part of the normal destruction process for foreign proteins, but then the virus can detach inside the cell and infect it. So the antibody has actually aided penetration of the virus into the cell. Again, from what I read, the possibility of ADE was checked for in the development of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and there is, apparently, no evidence for it. But I may have got this a bit wrong in places so I'd very much welcome comment from @CharonY By the way, this Dr Robert Malone character seems to be misrepresenting his contributions to the development of mRMA vaccines, so he may be a bit of a self-publicist and it may therefore be best to treat what he says on this subject with some circumspection. I quote from https://www.logically.ai/factchecks/library/3aa2eefd: "On his personal website, Twitter, and LinkedIn, Dr. Robert Malone has been promoting himself as the inventor of mRNA vaccines. This is misleading. In 1989, Malone published a paper titled "Cationic liposome-mediated RNA transfection." While this paper is an example of his important contribution to the then-emerging field, it does not make him the inventor of mRNA vaccines. According to Stat News, "for decades, scientists have dreamed about the seemingly endless possibilities of custom-made messenger RNA or mRNA." According to the New York Times, "For her entire career, Dr. Kariko has focused on messenger RNA, or mRNA — the genetic script that carries DNA instructions to each cell’s protein-making machinery. She was convinced mRNA could be used to instruct cells to make their own medicines, including vaccines." While Malone's research may have been important, scientific breakthroughs don't always boast a sole "inventor." Instead, they come about through the work of many. UPDATE: Malone reached out to Logically, stating that he did not invent the mRNA vaccines, but instead the "vaccine technology platform." He also presented us with copies of nine patents – none of which showed that he invented the mRNA vaccines. The judgment for the claim has not changed.

There is a lunatic fringe to both Left and Right, though. The pictures of leftie antivaxxers in the OP obviously belong to such a fringe. What I meant was that we can all chalk up left and right nutcases till the cows come home, but on its own that means little. I suppose the point we are all making in the thread, in our different ways, is that something different and sinister is going on today, viz. that loony ideas seem to have migrated from the lunatic fringe to become mainstream in today's US Republican party. It's Hofstadter's "Paranoid Style", but on steroids. Rupert Murdoch is largely to blame, in my opinion, by treating news as entertainment and thus opening the gates to distorting news without limit, to fit the prejudices of a segment of the viewers. The internet has made it worse, and Trump has capitalised on this to create an entire political movement divorced from reality, that dismisses both science and other evidence-based sources of information when it suits them.

I don't see much point in trying to keep some sort of Left vs. Right "score" when it comes to nutcase ideas. But I do think there is a phenomenon in modern politics whereby, not just science, but professional expertise in general, is considered suspect in significant parts of the political Right. In the UK we've had it over Brexit: Gove's famous comment that "We've had enough of experts", when various economists pointed out the snags. It is obvious in relation to climate change. And now anti-masks, anti-vaxxers etc. It is particularly depressing that simple medical measures have been turned into political totems. There has been a long tradition of anti-intellectualism in Anglo-Saxon culture and perhaps this is just the latest manifestation of it: "Let me have men about me that are fat. Sleek-headed men, and such as sleep o'nights. Yond Cassius has a lean and hungry look. He thinks too much. Such men are dangerous."

Yes, but to get it going again the thing to do is move all the burning surfaces closer together, and then it will heat up and burn more fiercely again.

It takes a lot of heat input to get the fresh side of the log up to burning temperature, which cools the centre of the fire, while the burned side is radiating out into the room and ceasing to burn. And what is worse is you now have cold charcoal which has to be reheated somehow before it can be made to burn once more. But I suppose the way it works out may depend on what kind of log you are burning. Some woods, from coniferous trees, are full of volatiles that burn very readily, so the fresh surface of logs from these may catch relatively quickly, whereas (speaking from experience) others take ages to catch light and some can barely be made to burn at all. But the most intense heat comes from burning charcoal, after the yellow flames have died away.

I agree with this. It has to be borne in mind that charcoal, which is what is left after the volatiles have been driven off and burnt, requires a very high temperature to make it burn. If you turn a partly burnt log so that the charred side is upwards, the charcoal will lose heat and may stop burning. If you want to burn the logs completely to ash you ned to maintain a high temperature in the centre of the fire. Disturbing the logs will increase the temporary heat radiation from the fire but by the same toke will cause it to lose temperature. You may end up with less heat in the end, if the result is a lot of unburnt charcoal left behind. Also, if the logs still have some moisture, you risk actually putting the fire out, by diverting even more heat into evaporating the moisture. I think it is best to keep a really hot centre to any wood fire, which is best achieved by periodically moving the logs closer together as they burn, and not by turning them.

More or less. Mind you one good effect of the privatisation of rail was that we finally got some decent investment in new rolling stock. When BR was a nationalised service the government was scared of investing properly in the trains. But we've ended up with absurdly complex fare deals and lack of integration across different providers. Trying to split the track from the trains, so that multiple companies' trains could run on the same track, never worked properly - and corners were cut on track maintenance, leading to a fatal accident due to no chain of responsibility among contractors and subcontractors. So the track part has been back in public ownership for a while. It's a dog's breakfast. Water seems to be a disaster due to lack of effective oversight from the regulator, on both the operations side and on not stamping on inappropriate financial engineering. But energy and telecoms seem to be a success, so I wouldn't say privatisation has to be a catastrophe for all utlities.

What has happened is the franchise system for rail blew up. Most of the companies were in financial trouble and the pandemic has holed them below the waterline, forcing the government to step in. Franchises have now been abandoned. They may stay in full public ownership, or they may try to get the private sector back in the game in a less risky way, by contracting them to provide a service defined by government and remunerated based on how many trains they run, or something. The London Overground, part of Transport for London's network, uses that model, I believe. But the risk involved in planning and recruiting demand and then investing in the assets to meet it has gone for ever, it seems. Water privatisation has been fairly disastrous. The companies loaded themselves up with debt, using their assets as collateral, and paid their directors and shareholders huge dividends and bonuses while neglecting the basic service they were supposed to be providing. Almost every month now there is a new story of operational mismanagement. Both rail and water privatisations came at the tail end of the privatisation boom started by Thatcher and which finished under Major. While telecoms and energy seem to have worked, more or less, these two never did. Both were privatisations too far.

The "representative element" seems to be barely used, and I would agree with you that it seems to be a fairly useless concept. Representative of what? The division of groups into A and B has long since been given up. It makes far more sense to speak of s, p, d and f blocks of the Periodic Table. I don't know how representative (haha) my personal experience is but I, at least, went through a 4 year chemistry degree course back in the 1970s without the term "representative element" being used once, so far as I can recall. The term does not appear anywhere in my 1972 edition of Cotton & Wilkinson. I'd actually be rather interested to know who is suggesting to you that this terminology is relevant, and why.

I notice those two notes form the Devil’s Interval (the tritone), appropriately enough. 😁

They are in the process of being renationalised, by this Tory government, ironically enough.

To do that to Fe metal would involve make a "ferride" anion, Fe⁻ or something. That would not happen. But Zn metal could give electrons to Fe²⁺ or Fe³⁺ cations, reducing them to Fe, while the Zn was correspondingly oxidised to Zn²⁺.

Trains, and anything involving Serwotka.

I certainly think in the UK there may be a resurgence of union membership, due to greater bargaining power by labour. However it seems to me this is caused more by Brexit and the consequent disappearance of the EU labour pool that provided us with so many workers, from care homes, to fruit and vegetable picking, the restaurant trade and on to lorry drivers. One has to hope that the unions will be far more modern and business-literate in their attitude than they were back in their heyday of the 1970s. Certainly, the unions representing occupations such as automotive work seem to have moved with the times. Public sector unions, not so much. There is in my view a crying need for someone to stand up for the poor sods in the "gig" economy, on zero hours and p***poor hourly rates, and people in distribution warehouses etc., like Amazon - what one might call the surveillance economy. Amazon tries hard to keep unions out but if they get in Amazon will only have itself to blame for shafting its workers. It is less clear to me why the pandemic should shift market forces in the direction of more power for labour, unless perhaps fear of infection drives a lot of people out of the labor market permanently. I am dubious about that.

I'm sure there has been an effect caused by the disruption causing people to rethink their lives. Often, we need a chance to stand back for a while if we are to get a perspective on where we are going and have time to ask ourselves questions about it all. Commuters, in particular, and their employers in urban offices, have learnt what can be done via IT and may not want to resume the daily commute ever again. That will affect businesses that provide services to city workers, reduce real estate prices in city centres, and will be a boost to services provided in the places where the workers live (food shops, cafes etc). It will also affect the economics of commuter public transport. Some of these changes could well be permanent. The effect on the airline industry could be lasting, too, especially with climate change imperatives coming along next. Some of the wage rises in the labour market seem due to the temporary state support to people laid off during the pandemic. It's not clear to me whether these rises are permanent or will die away as the support is withdrawn. I don't see any of these changes as affecting the essence of capitalism per se, but they certainly will affect business. When it comes to capitalism, one thing the pandemic has taught us all is the importance of central government. The facile libertarian notion that all government is bad has been shown to be absurd. Without government support and organisation we would have had no vaccines and a lot more of us would be dead or disabled.

If they broke the law they could be done for tax evasion and fined. What they and other multinational companies do is exploit, by perfectly legal means, the differences in tax regimes between countries. That's why Biden et al want to harmonise taxation - or at least set a minimum level - to reduce the ability of these companies to engage in (legal) tax minimisation by arranging for the bulk of their profits to be on the books of their entities in low tax countries. What they do is avoidance, not evasion. Ireland has benefitted hugely over the last couple of decades by offering low corporation tax to attract companies to arrange to generate their profits there. This can be done in various ways. One method is for the operating company in each country to have a service agreement with a service company in the same corporate group, with service fees set at a level that effectively makes the operating company make little money locally, while the service company becomes highly profitable. You put the service company in Ireland and, hey presto, most of your profit is only taxed at Ireland's rate. All perfectly legal, so long as you can justify the service fee in some way. No doubt there are many other methods.

Not if their legalese contravenes the local law where they trade. And anyway, a company like Amazon has no interest in breaking local law: it could cost them the right to trade there.

Indeed. I would have expected a technology-worshipping nation like the US to have been already all over this like a rash, with acoustic and microwave sensors for all frequencies, in every embassy and consulate across the globe.